剑桥雅思8第三套试题阅读部分PASSAGE3.docx
《剑桥雅思8第三套试题阅读部分PASSAGE3.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《剑桥雅思8第三套试题阅读部分PASSAGE3.docx(13页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
剑桥雅思8第三套试题阅读部分PASSAGE3
剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-PASSAGE3-阅读真题原文部分:
READINGPASSAGE3
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27—40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3onthefollowingpages.
Questions27-32
ReadingPassage3hassevenparagraphs,A-G.
ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsB-Gfromthelistofheadingsbelow.
Writethecorrectnumber,i-x,inboxes27-32onyouranswersheet.
ListofHeadings
iThebiologicalclock
iiWhydyingisbeneficial
iiiTheageingprocessofmenandwomen
ivProlongingyourlife
vLimitationsoflifespan
viModesofdevelopmentofdifferentspecies
viiAstablelifespandespiteimprovements
viiiEnergyconsumption
ixFundamentaldifferencesinageingofobjectsandorganisms
xRepairofgeneticmaterial
ExampleAnswer
ParagraphAv
27ParagraphB
28ParagraphC
29ParagraphD
30ParagraphE
31ParagraphF
32ParagraphG
HOWDOESTHEBIOLOGICALCLOCKTICK?
AOurlifespanisrestricted.Everyoneacceptsthisas'biologically'obvious.'Nothinglivesforever!
'However,inthisstatementwethinkofartificiallyproduced,technicalobjects,productswhicharesubjectedtonaturalwearandtearduringuse.Thisleadstotheresultthatatsometimeorothertheobjectstopsworkingandisunusable('death'inthebiologicalsense.Butarethewearandtearandlossoffunctionoftechnicalobjectsandthedeathoflivingorganismsreallysimilarorcomparable?
BOur'dead'productsare'static',closedsystems.Itisalwaysthebasicmaterialwhichconstitutestheobjectandwhich,inthenaturalcourseofthings,isworndownandbecomes'older'.Ageinginthiscasemustoccuraccordingtothelawsofphysicalchemistryandofthermodynamics.Althoughthesamelawholdsforalivingorganism,theresultofthislawisnotinexorableinthesameway.Atleastaslongasabiologicalsystemhastheabilitytorenewitselfit
couldactuallybecomeolderwithoutageing;anorganismisanopen,dynamicsystemthroughwhichnewmaterialcontinuouslyflows.Destructionofoldmaterialandformationofnewmaterialarethusinpermanentdynamicequilibrium.Thematerialofwhichtheorganismisformedchangescontinuously.Thusourbodiescontinuouslyexchangeoldsubstancefornew,justlikeaspringwhichmoreorlessmaintainsitsformandmovement,butinwhichthewatermoleculesarealwaysdifferent.
CThusageinganddeathshouldnotbeseenasinevitable,particularlyastheorganismpossessesmanymechanismsforrepair.Itisnot,inprinciple,necessaryforabiologicalsystemtoageanddie.Nevertheless,arestrictedlifespan,ageing,andthendeatharebasiccharacteristicsoflife.Thereasonforthisiseasytorecognise:
innature,theexistentorganismseitheradaptorareregularlyreplacedbynewtypes.Becauseofchangesinthegeneticmaterial(mutationsthesehavenewcharacteristicsandinthecourseoftheirindividuallivestheyaretestedforoptimalorbetteradaptationtotheenvironmentalconditions.Immortalitywoulddisturbthissystem-itneedsroomfornewandbetterlife.Thisisthebasicproblemofevolution.
DEveryorganismhasalifespanwhichishighlycharacteristic.Therearestrikingdifferencesinlifespanbetweendifferentspecies,butwithinonespeciestheparameterisrelativelyconstant.Forexample,theaveragedurationofhumanlifehashardlychangedinthousandsofyears.Althoughmoreandmorepeopleattainanadvancedageasaresultofdevelopmentsinmedicalcareandbetternutrition,thecharacteristicupperlimitformostremains80years.Afurtherargumentagainstthesimplewearandteartheoryistheobservationthatthetimewithinwhichorganismsageliesbetweenafewdays(evenafewhoursforunicellularorganismsandseveralthousandyears,aswithmammothtrees.
EIfalifespanisageneticallydeterminedbiologicalcharacteristic,itislogicallynecessarytoproposetheexistenceofaninternalclock,whichinsomewaymeasuresandcontrolstheageingprocessandwhichfinallydeterminesdeathasthelaststepinafixedprogramme.Likethelifespan,themetabolicratehasfordifferentorganismsafixedmathematicalrelationshiptothebodymass.Incomparisontothelifespanthisrelationshipis'inverted':
thelargertheorganismtheloweritsmetabolicrate.Againthisrelationshipisvalidnotonlyforbirds,butalso,similarlyonaveragewithinthesystematicunit,forallotherorganisms(plants,animals,unicellularorganisms.
FAnimalswhichbehave'frugally'withenergybecomeparticularlyold,forexample,crocodilesandtortoises.Parrotsandbirdsofpreyareoftenheldchainedup.Thustheyarenotableto'experiencelife'andsotheyattainahighlifespanincaptivity.Animalswhichsaveenergybyhibernationorlethargy(e.g.batsorhedgehogslivemuchlongerthanthosewhicharealwaysactive.Themetabolicrateofmicecanbereduce