AnOuineofAmericanHistory美国历史纲要.docx
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AnOuineofAmericanHistory美国历史纲要
AnOutlineofAmericanHistory
Chaper1EarlyAmerica
•TheFirstAmericans
•Beringia
•TheFirstEuropeans:
•ThefirstEuropeanstoarriveinNorthAmerica--atleastthefirstforwhomthereissolidevidence--wereNorse,travelingwestfromGreenland.
•In1497,justfiveyearsafterChristopherColumbuslandedintheCaribbeanlookingforawesternroutetoAsia,aVenetiansailornamedJohnCabotarrivedinNewfoundlandonamissionfortheBritishking.Althoughfairlyquicklyforgotten,Cabot'sjourneywaslatertoprovidethebasisforBritishclaimstoNorthAmerica.ItalsoopenedthewaytotherichfishinggroundsoffGeorge'sBanks,towhichEuropeanfishermen,particularlythePortuguese,weresoonmakingregularvisits.
•AmongthemostsignificantearlySpanishexplorationswasthatofHernandoDeSoto,aveteranconquistadorwhohadaccompaniedFranciscoPizzaroduringtheconquestofPeru.
•WhiletheSpanishwerepushingupfromthesouth,thenorthernportionofthepresent-dayUnitedStateswasslowlybeingrevealedthroughthejourneysofmensuchasGiovannidaVerrazano.AFlorentinewhosailedfortheFrench,VerrazanomadelandfallinNorthCarolinain1524,thensailednorthalongtheAtlanticcoastpastwhatisnowNewYorkharbor.
•Adecadelater,theFrenchmanJacquesCartiersetsailwiththehope--liketheotherEuropeansbeforehim--offindingaseapassagetoAsia.Cartier'sexpeditionsalongtheSt.LawrenceRiverlaidthefoundationsfortheFrenchclaimstoNorthAmerica,whichweretolastuntil1763.
•FollowingthecollapseoftheirfirstQuebeccolonyinthe1540s,FrenchHuguenotsattemptedtosettlethenortherncoastofFloridatwodecadeslater.TheSpanish,viewingtheFrenchasathreattotheirtraderoutealongtheGulfStream,destroyedthecolonyin1565.Ironically,theleaderoftheSpanishforces,PedroMenendez,wouldsoonestablishatownnotfaraway--St.Augustine.ItwasthefirstpermanentEuropeansettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates.
•In1578HumphreyGilbert,theauthorofatreatiseonthesearchfortheNorthwestPassage,receivedapatentfromQueenElizabethtocolonizethe"heathenandbarbarouslandes"intheNewWorldwhichotherEuropeannationshadnotyetclaimed.Itwouldbefiveyearsbeforehiseffortscouldbegin.Whenhewaslostatsea,hishalf-brother,WalterRaleigh,tookupthemission.
•In1585RaleighestablishedthefirstBritishcolonyinNorthAmerica,onRoanokeIslandoffthecoastofNorthCarolina.Itwaslaterabandoned,andasecondefforttwoyearslateralsoprovedafailure.Itwouldbe20yearsbeforetheBritishwouldtryagain.Thistime--atJamestownin1607--thecolonywouldsucceed,andNorthAmericawouldenteranewera.
•MostEuropeanemigrantslefttheirhomelandstoescapepoliticaloppression,toseekthefreedomtopracticetheirreligion,orforadventureandopportunitiesdeniedthemathome.Between1620and1635,economicdifficultiessweptEngland.Manypeoplecouldnotfindwork.Evenskilledartisanscouldearnlittlemorethanabareliving.Poorcropyieldsaddedtothedistress.Inaddition,theIndustrialRevolutionhadcreatedaburgeoningtextileindustry,whichdemandedanever-increasingsupplyofwooltokeeptheloomsrunning.
•Landlordsenclosedfarmlandsandevictedthepeasantsinfavorofsheepcultivation.Colonialexpansionbecameanoutletforthisdisplacedpeasantpopulation.
•Majesticrivers--theKennebec,Hudson,Delaware,Susquehanna,Potomacandnumerousothers--linkedlandsbetweenthecoastandtheAppalachianMountainswiththesea.
•Onlyoneriver,however,theSt.Lawrence--dominatedbytheFrenchinCanada--offeredawaterpassagetotheGreatLakesandintotheheartofthecontinent.Denseforests,theresistanceofsomeIndiantribesandtheformidablebarrieroftheAppalachianMountainsdiscouragedsettlementbeyondthecoastalplain.Onlytrappersandtradersventuredintothewilderness.Forthefirsthundredyearsthecolonistsbuilttheirsettlementscompactlyalongthecoast.
•PoliticalconsiderationsinfluencedmanypeopletomovetoAmerica.Inthe1630s,arbitraryrulebyEngland'sCharlesIgaveimpetustothemigrationtotheNewWorld.ThesubsequentrevoltandtriumphofCharles'opponentsunderOliverCromwellinthe1640sledmanycavaliers--"king'smen"--tocasttheirlotinVirginia.
•IntheGerman-speakingregionsofEurope,theoppressivepoliciesofvariouspettyprinces--particularlywithregardtoreligion--andthedevastationcausedbyalongseriesofwarshelpedswellthemovementtoAmericainthelate17thand18thcenturies.
•Incontrasttothecolonizationpoliciesofothercountriesandotherperiods,theemigrationfromEnglandwasnotdirectlysponsoredbythegovernmentbutbyprivategroupsofindividualswhosechiefmotivewasprofit.
•Jamestown:
ThefirstoftheBritishcoloniestotakeholdinNorthAmericawasJamestown.
•Itwasnotlong,however,beforeadevelopmentoccurredthatrevolutionizedVirginia'seconomy.In1612JohnRolfebegancross-breedingimportedtobaccoseedfromtheWestIndieswithnativeplantsandproducedanewvarietythatwaspleasingtoEuropeantaste.ThefirstshipmentofthistobaccoreachedLondonin1614.WithinadecadeithadbecomeVirginia'schiefsourceofrevenue.
•MASSACHUSETTS
•Duringthereligiousupheavalsofthe16thcentury,abodyofmenandwomencalledPuritanssoughttoreformtheEstablishedChurchofEnglandfromwithin.Essentially,theydemandedthattheritualsandstructuresassociatedwithRomanCatholicismbereplacedbysimplerProtestantformsoffaithandworship.Theirreformistideas,bydestroyingtheunityofthestatechurch,threatenedtodividethepeopleandtoundermineroyalauthority.
•In1620,agroupofLeydenPuritanssecuredalandpatentfromtheVirginiaCompany,andagroupof101men,womenandchildrensetoutforVirginiaonboardtheMayflower.AstormsentthemfarnorthandtheylandedinNewEnglandonCapeCod.Believingthemselvesoutsidethejurisdictionofanyorganizedgovernment,themendraftedaformalagreementtoabideby"justandequallaws"draftedbyleadersoftheirownchoosing.ThiswastheMayflowerCompact.
•InDecembertheMayflowerreachedPlymouthharbor;thePilgrimsbegantobuildtheirsettlementduringthewinter.Nearlyhalfthecolonistsdiedofexposureanddisease,butneighboringWampanoagIndiansprovidedinformationthatwouldsustainthem:
howtogrowmaize.Bythenextfall,thePilgrimshadaplentifulcropofcorn,andagrowingtradebasedonfursandlumber.
•MassachusettsBaywasnottheonlycolonydrivenbyreligiousmotives.In1681WilliamPenn,awealthyQuakerandfriendofCharlesII,receivedalargetractoflandwestoftheDelawareRiver,whichbecameknownasPennsylvania.Tohelppopulateit,PennactivelyrecruitedahostofreligiousdissentersfromEnglandandthecontinent--Quakers,Mennonites,Amish,MoraviansandBaptists.
•WhenPennarrivedthefollowingyear,therewerealreadyDutch,SwedishandEnglishsettlerslivingalongtheDelawareRiver.ItwastherehefoundedPhiladelphia,the"CityofBrotherlyLove."
•Georgiawassettledin1732,thelastofthe13coloniestobeestablished.
CHAPTER2:
TheColonialPeriod
•NEWENGLAND
•NewEnglandshipperssoondiscovered,too,thatrumandslaveswereprofitablecommodities.Oneofthemostenterprising--ifunsavory--tradingpracticesofthetimewastheso-called"triangulartrade."MerchantsandshipperswouldpurchaseslavesoffthecoastofAfricaforNewEnglandrum,thenselltheslavesintheWestIndieswheretheywouldbuymolassestobringhomeforsaletothelocalrumproducers.
•THEMIDDLECOLONIES
•THESOUTHERNCOLONIES
•THESOUTHERNCOLONIES
•SOCIETY,SCHOOLSANDCULTURE
•OfequalsignificanceforthefuturewerethefoundationsofAmericaneducationandcultureestablishedduringthecolonialperiod.HarvardCollegewasfoundedin1636inCambridge,Massachusetts.
•Afewyearslater,theCollegiateSchoolofConnecticut,latertobecomeYaleCollege,waschartered.
•ThefirstimmigrantsinNewEnglandbroughttheirownlittlelibrariesandcontinuedtoimportbooksfromLondon.Andasearlyasthe1680s,Bostonbooksellersweredoingathrivingbusinessinworksofclassicalliterature,history,politics,philosophy,science,theologyandbelles-lettres.In1639thefirstprintingpressintheEnglishcoloniesandthesecondinNorthAmericawasinstalledatHarvardCollege.
•In1704Cambridge,Massachusetts,launchedthecolonies'firstsuccessfulnewspaper.By1745therewere22newspapersbeingpublishedthroughoutthecolonies
•EMERGENCEOFCOLONIALGOVERNMENT
•Inallphasesofcolonialdevelopment,astrikingfeaturewasthelackofcontrollinginfluencebytheEnglishgovernment.AllcoloniesexceptGeorgiaemergedascompaniesofshareholders,orasfeudalproprietorshipsstemmingfromchartersgrantedbytheCrown.
•Fortheirpart,thecolonieshadneverthoughtofthemselvesassubservient.
•Thecolonists--inheritorsofthetraditionsoftheEnglishman'slongstruggleforpoliticalliberty--incorporatedconceptsoffreedomintoVirginia'sfirstcharter.ItprovidedthatEnglishcolonistsweretoexerciseallliberties,franchisesandimmunities
•itwasgenerallyacceptedthatthecolonistshadarighttoparticipateintheirowngovernment.
•inthemid-17thcentury,theEnglishweretoodistractedbytheCivilWar(1642-1649)andOliverCromwell'sPuritanCommonwealthandProtectoratetopursueaneffectivecolonialpolicy.
•Theremotenessaffordedbyavastoceanalsomadecontrolofthecoloniesdifficult