Mathematical and scientific symbols.docx
《Mathematical and scientific symbols.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Mathematical and scientific symbols.docx(16页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![Mathematical and scientific symbols.docx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2023-7/7/16cfbac8-b88f-42b8-9765-5a908704fba2/16cfbac8-b88f-42b8-9765-5a908704fba21.gif)
Mathematicalandscientificsymbols
Mathematicalandscientificsymbols
Commonpronunciations(inBritishEnglish-Gimson,1981)ofmathematicalandscientificsymbolsaregiveninthelistbelow.
(allthe pagesinthissectionneedaunicodefontinstalled- e.g.ArialUnicodeMS,DoulosSILUnicode,LucidaSansUnicode-see:
TheInternationalPhoneticAlphabetinUnicode).
Symbols
+
plus
/'plʌs/
-
minus
/'maɪnəs/
±
plusorminus
/'plʌs ɔ:
'maɪnəs/
x
multipliedby
/'mʌltɪplaɪdbaɪ/
/
over;dividedby
/'əʊvə//dɪ'vaɪdəd/
÷
divided
/dɪ'vaɪdəd/
=
equals
/'ɪ:
kwəlz/
≈
approximately,similar
/ə'prɒksɪmətlɪ//'sɪmɪlətʊ/
≡
equivalentto; identical
/ɪk'wɪvələnttʊ//aɪ'dentɪkltʊ/
≠
notequalto
/'nɒt'iːkwəltʊ/
>
greaterthan
/'greɪtəðən/
<
lessthan
/'lesðən/
≥
greaterthanorequalto
/'greɪtəðən ər'iːkwəltʊ/
≤
lessthanorequalto
/'lesðən ər'iːkwəltʊ/
⊁
notgreaterthan
/'nɒt'greɪtəðən/
⊀
notlessthan
/'nɒt'lesðən/
≫
muchgreaterthan
/'mʌʧ'greɪtəðən/
≪
muchlessthan
/'mʌʧ'lesðən/
⊥
perpendicularto
/pɜːpən'dɪkjʊlətʊ/
∣∣
parallelto
/'pærəleltʊ/
≢
notequivalentto,notidenticalto
/'nɒtɪk'wɪvələnttʊ//'nɒtaɪ'dentɪkltʊ/
≄≉
notsimilarto
/'nɒt'sɪmɪlətʊ/
²
squared
/'skweəd/
³
cubed
/'kju:
bd/
4
tothefourth; tothepowerfour
/təðə'fɔːθ//teðə'pɑʊəfɔː/
n
tothen;tothenth; tothepowern
/təðɪen;tədɪenθ;təðəpɑʊəren/
√
root; squareroot
/ru:
t//skweəru:
t/
∛
cuberoot
/kju:
bru:
t/
∜
fourthroot
/fɔːθruːt/
!
factorial
/fæk'tɔːrɪəl/
%
percent
/pə'sent/
∞
infinity
/ɪn'fɪnətɪ/
∝
variesas; proportionalto
/'vɛərɪz/ /prə'pɔːʃənəl/
˙
dot
/dɒt/
¨
doubledot
/dʌbldɒt/
:
isto,ratioof
/reɪʃɪəʊ/
f(x)fx
f; function
/ef//'fʌŋkʃən/
f'(x)
fdash;derivative
/dæʃ//dɪ'rɪvətɪv/
f''x
fdouble-dash; secondderivative
/'dʌbldæʃ//'sekənddɪ'rɪvətɪv/
f'''(x)
ftriple-dash;ftreble-dash; thirdderivative
/'trɪpldæʃ//trebldæʃ//θɜ:
ddɪ'rɪvətɪv/
f(4)
ffour; fourthderivative
/fɔːθdɪ'rɪvətɪv/
∂
partialderivative,delta
/paːʃəldɪ'rɪvətɪv//deltə/
∫
integral
/'ɪntɪgrəl/
∑
sum
/sʌm/
w.r.t.
withrespectto
/wɪð'rɪspekt/
log
log
/lɒg/
log₂x
logtothebase2ofx
/lɒgtəðəbeɪstu:
əveks/
∴
therefore
/'ðɛəfɔː/
∵
because
/bɪ'kɒz/
→
gives,leadsto,approaches
/gɪvz//li:
dztʊ//əprəʊʧəz/
/
per
/pɜ:
/
∈
belongsto;amemberof; anelementof
/bɪ'lɒŋz//'membə//'elɪmənt/
∉
doesnotbelongto; isnotamemberof;isnotanelementof
/nɒt bɪ'lɒŋ//nɒtə'membə//nɒtən'elɪmənt/
⊂
containedin; apropersubsetof
/kən'teɪndɪn//'prɒpə'sʌbset/
⊆
containedin; subset
/'sʌbset/
⋂
intersection
/'ɪntəsekʃən/
⋃
union
/'juːnɪən/
∀
forall
/fərɔ:
l/
cosx
cosx;cosinex
/kɒz/
sinx
sinex
/saɪn/
tanx
tangentx
/tan/
cosecx
cosecx
/'kəʊsek/
sinhx
shinex
/'ʃaɪn/
coshx
coshx
/'kɒʃ/
tanhx
thanx
/θæn/
|x|
modx;modulusx
/mɒd//'mɒdjʊləs/
℃
degreesCentigrade
/dɪ'gri:
z'sentɪgreɪd/
℉
degreesFahrenheit
/dɪ'gri:
z'færənhaɪt/
°K
degreesKelvin
/dɪ'gri:
z'kelvɪn/
0°K,–273.15°C
absolutezero
/absəlu:
tzi:
rəʊ/
mm
millimetre
/'mɪlɪmiːtə/
cm
centimetre
/'sentɪmiːtə/
cc,cm³
cubiccentimetre,centimetrecubed
/'kjuːbɪk'sentɪmiːtə/ /'sentɪmiːtə 'kju:
bd/
m
metre
/'miːtə/
km
kilometre
/kɪ'lɒmɪtə/
mg
milligram
/'mɪlɪgræm/
g
gram
/græm/
kg
kilogram
/'kɪləgræm/
AC
A.C.
/eɪsi:
/
DC
D.C.
/di:
si:
/
^
Examples
x+1
xplusone
x-1
xminusone
x±1
xplusorminusone
xy
xy; xtimesy;xmultipliedbyy
(x—y)(x+y)
xminusy,xplusy
x/y
xovery; xdividedbyy;
x÷y
xdividedbyy
x=5
xequals5; xisequalto5
x≈y
xisapproximatelyequaltoy
x ≡y
xisequivalenttoy; xisidenticalwithy
x≠y
xisnotequaltoy
x>y
xisgreaterthany
x xislessthany
x ≥y
xisgreaterthanorequaltoy
x≤y
xislessthanorequaltoy
0zeroislessthanxislessthan1;xisgreaterthanzeroandlessthan1
0≤x ≤1
zeroislessthanorequaltoxislessthanorequalto1;xisgreaterthanorequaltozeroandlessthanorequalto1
x²
xsquared
x³
xcubed
x4
xtothefourth; xtothepowerfour
xn
xtothen; xtothenth; xtothepowern
x-n
xtotheminusn; xtothepowerofminusn
√
rootx; squarerootx; thesquarerootofx
∛
thecuberootofx
∜
thefourthrootofx
thenthrootofx
(x+y)²
xplusyallsquared
(x/y)²
xoveryallsquared
n!
nfactorial;factorialn
x%
xpercent
∞
infinity
x∝y
xvariesasy;xis(directly)proportionaltoy
x∝1/y
xvariesasoneovery;xisindirectlyproportionaltoy
ẋ
x dot
ẍ
x doubledot
f(x)fx
fofx;thefunctionofx
f'(x)
fdashx;the(first)derivativeofwithrespecttox
f''x
fdouble-dashx;thesecondderivativeoffwithrespecttox
f'''(x)
ftriple-dashx;ftreble-dashx;thethirdderivativeoffwithrespecttox
f(4)
ffourx;thefourthderivativeoffwithrespecttox
∂v
thepartialderivativeofv
∂v
∂θ
deltavbydeltatheta,thepartialderivativeofvwithrespecttoθ
∂²v
∂θ²
deltatwovbydeltathetasquared;thesecondpartialderivativeofvwithrespecttoθ
dv
thederivativeofv
dv
dθ
dvbydtheta,thederivativeofvwithrespecttotheta
d²v
dθ²
d2vbydthetasquared,thesecondderivativeofvwithrespecttotheta,
∫
integral
integralfromzerotoinfinity
∑
sum
thesumfromiequals1ton
w.r.t.
withrespectto
logey
logtothebaseeofy;logytothebasee;naturallog(of)y
∴
therefore
∵
because
→
gives,approaches
Δx→0
deltaxapproacheszero
lim
Δx→0
thelimitasdeltaxapproacheszero, thelimitasdeltaxtendstozero
Lt
Δx→0
thelimitasdeltaxapproacheszero, thelimitasdeltaxtendstozero
m/sec
metrespersecond
x∈A
xbelongstoA;xisamemberofA;xisanelementofA
x∉A
xdoesnotbelongtoA;xisnot amemberofA;xisnotanelementofA
A⊂B
AiscontainedinB;AisapropersubsetofB
A⊆B
AiscontainedinB;AisasubsetofB
A ⋂B
AintersectionB
A ⋃B
AunionB
cosx
cosx;cosinex
sinx
sinex
tanx
tangentx,tanx
cosecx
cosecx
sinhx
shinex
coshx
coshx
tanhx
thanx
|x|
modx;modulusx
18℃
eighteendegreesCentigrade
70℉
seventydegreesFahrenheit
^
Greekalphabet
Α
α
alpha
/'ælfə/
Β
β
beta
/'bi:
tə/
Γ
γ
gamma
/'gæmə/
Δ
δ
delta
/'deltə/
Ε
ε
epsilon
/'epsilən/
Ζ
ζ
zeta
/'ziːtə/
Η
η
eta
/'iːtə/
Θ
θ
theta
/'θiːtə/
Ι
ι
iota
/aɪ'əʊtə/
Κ
κ
kappa
/'kæpə/
Λ
λ
lamda
/'læmdə/
Μ
μ
mu
/'mjuː/
Ν
ν
nu
/'njuː/
Ξ
ξ
xi
/'ksaɪ/
Ο
ο
omicron
/'əʊmɪkrən/
Π
π
pi
/'paɪ/
Ρ
ρς
rho
/'rəʊ/
Σ
σ
sigma
/'sɪgmə/
Τ
τ
tau
/'tɑʊ/
Υ
υ
upsilon
/'jʊpsɪlən/
Φ
φ
phi
/'faɪ/
Χ
χ
chi
/'kaɪ/
Ψ
ψ
psi
/'psaɪ/
Ω
ω
omega
/'əʊmɪgə/
^
Romanalphabet
A
a
/'eɪ/
B
b
/'biː/
C
c
/'siː/
D
d
/'diː/
E
e
/'iː/
F
f
/'ef/
G
g
/'ʤiː/
H
h
/'eɪʧ/
I
i
/'aɪ/
J
j
/'ʤeɪ/
K
k
/'keɪ/
L
l
/'el/
M
m
/'em/
N
n
/'en/
O
o
/'əʊ/
P
p
/'piː/
Q
q
/'kjuː/
R
r
/'ɑː/
S
s
/'es/
T
t
/'ti:
/
U
u
/'ju:
/
V
v
/'vi:
/
W
w
/'dʌbljuː/
X
x
/'eks/
Y
y
/'waɪ/
Z
z
/'zed/
^
Fractions
½
ahalf
/ə'hɑ:
f/
¼
aquarter
/ə'kwɔːtə/
¾
threequarters
/θriː'kwɔːtəz/
⅓
athird
/ə'θɜ:
d/
⅔
twothirds
/tu:
'θɜ:
dz/
⅕
afifth
/ə'fɪfθ/
⅖
twofifths
/tu:
'fɪfθs/
⅗
threefifths
/θriː'fɪfθs/
⅘
fourfifths
/fɔː'fɪfθs/
⅙
asixth
/ə'sɪksθ/
⅚
fivesixths
/faɪv'sɪksθs/
⅛
aneighth
/ən'eɪtθ/
⅜
threeeighths
/θriː'eɪtθs/
⅝
fiveeighths
/faɪv 'eɪtθs/
⅞
seveneighths
/sevən 'eɪtθs/
^
DecimalFractions
0.1
noughtpointone
/nɔ:
tpɔɪnt wʌn/
0.01
noughtpointohone
/nɔ:
t pɔɪntəʊwʌn/
0.0001
noughtpointohohohone
/tenpɔɪntəʊəʊəʊwʌn/
1.1
onepointone
/wʌn pɔɪnt wʌn/
1.2
onepointtwo
/wʌn pɔɪnttu:
/
1.23
onepointtwothree
/wʌn pɔɪnttu:
θri:
/
1.0123
onepointohonetwothree
/wʌn pɔɪntəʊwʌntu:
θri:
/
10.01
tenpointohone
/tenpɔɪntəʊwʌn/
21.57
twenty-onepointfiveseven
/'twentɪwʌn pɔɪnt faɪv'sevən/
2.6666666666....
twopointsixrecurring
/tu:
pɔɪnt sɪks rɪ'kɜ:
rɪŋ/
2.612361236123...
twopointsixonetwothreerecurring
/tu:
pɔɪnt sɪkswʌntu:
θri:
rɪ'kɜ:
rɪŋ/
2.5million
twopointfivemillion
/tu:
pɔɪnt faɪv 'mɪljən/
^
SIUnits:
Prefixes
10-24
yocto
y
/'jɒktəʊ/
10-21
zepto
z
/'zeptəʊ/
10-18
atto
a
/'atəʊ/
10-15
femto
f
/'femtəʊ/
10-12
pico
p
/'pi:
kəʊ/
10-9
nano
n
/'nanəʊ/
10-6
micro
µ
/'maɪkrəʊ/
10-3
milli
m
/'mɪlɪ/
10-2
centi
c
/'sentɪ/
10-1
deci
d
/'desɪ/
103
kilo
k
/'kɪləʊ/
106
mega
M
/'megə/
109
giga
G
/'gɪgə/
1012
tera
T
/'terə/
1015
peta
P
/'petə/
1018
exa
E
/'eksə/
1021
zetta
Z
/'zetə/
1024
yotta
Y
/'jɒtə/
1027
xona
X
/'zəʊnə/
1030
weka
W
/'wekə/
1033
vunda
V
/'vʊndə/
^
CardinalNumbers
1
one
/wʌn/
2
two
/tu:
/
3
three
/θri:
/
4
four
/fɔː/
5
five
/faɪv/
6
six
/sɪks/
7
seven
/'sevən/
8
eight
/eɪt/
9
nine
/naɪn/
10
ten
/ten/
11
eleven
/ɪ'levən/
12
twelve
/twelv/
13
thirteen
/θɜ:
'ti:
n/
14
fourteen
/fɔː'ti:
n/
15
fifteen
/fɪf'ti:
n/
16
sixteen
/sɪkst'i:
n/
17
seventeen
/seven'ti:
n/
18
eighteen
/eɪ'ti:
n/
19
nineteen
/naɪn'ti:
n/
20
twenty
/'twentɪ/
21
twenty-one
/twentɪ'wʌn/
22
twenty-two
/twentɪ'tu:
/
23
twenty-three
/twentɪ'θri:
/
24
twenty-four
/twentɪ'fɔː/
25
twenty-five
/twentɪ'faɪv/
26
twenty-six
/twentɪ'sɪks/
27
twenty-seven
/twentɪ'sevən/
28
twenty-eight
/twentɪ'eɪt/
29
twenty-nine
/twentɪ'naɪn/
30
thirty
/'θɜ:
tɪ/
40
forty
/'fɔːtɪ/
50
fifty
/'fɪftɪ/
60
sixty
/'sɪkstɪ/
70
seventy