语言学名词解释.docx
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语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释
Chapter1:
Introduction
I.Linguistics:
LinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyofIanguage.
8.Iangue:
Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
9.parole:
ParolereferstotherealizationofIangueinactualuse.
petenee:
Theidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhisIanguage.
II.performanee:
Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
12.language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
13.designfeatures:
DesignfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanIanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
14.arbitrariness:
Arbitrarinessreferstonologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsound.
15.productivity:
Userscanunderstandandproducesentencesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore.
16.duality:
Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound,whichismeaningless,andthehigherleverofmeaning.
17.displacement:
Languagecanbeusedtorefertothecontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeakernomatterhowfarawayfromthetopicofconversationintimeorspace.
18.culturaltransmission:
Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itistaughtandlearnedfromonegenerationtothenext,ratherthanbyinstinet.
Chapter2:
Phonology
1.phonicmedium:
Themeaningfulspeechsoundinhumancommunication.
2.
pointofview,i.e.
phonetics:
ThestudyofphonicmediumofIanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld'sIanguages.
3.articulatoryphonetics:
Itstudiessoundsfromthespeakerhowaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.
4.auditoryphonetics:
Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer'pointofview,i.ehowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.
5.acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.
6.voicing:
thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocacords.
7.voiceless:
thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthevocacords.
8.broadtranscription:
Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.
9.narrowtranscription:
Theuseoflettersymbol,togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsoundsinwrittenform.
10.diacritics:
Thesymbolsusedtoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.
11.IPA:
shortforInternationalPhoneticAlphabets,asystemofsymbolsconsists
howsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.
23.phonemiccontrast:
twosimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning.
plementarydistribution:
allophonesofthesamephonemeandtheydondistinguishmeaningbutcomplementeachotherindistribution.
25.
minimalpair:
twodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptonea
Therulestogovernthecombinationofsoundsin
Theruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopying
is
featureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.
28.deletionrule:
Therulethatasoundistobedeletedalthoughitorthographicallyrepresented.
29.suprasegmentalfeatures:
Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments----syllable,word,sentence.
30.tone:
Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.
31.intonation:
Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.
Chapter3:
Morphology
1.morphology:
Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandrulesforwordformation.
2.openclass:
Agroupofwords,whichcontainsanunlimitednumberofitems,andnewwordscanbeaddedtoit.
3.closedclass:
Arelativelyfewwords,includingconjunctions,prepositionsand
pronouns,andnewwordsarenotusuallyaddedtothem.
4.morpheme:
ThesmallestunitofmeaningofaIanguage.Itcannotbedividedwithoutalteringordestroyingitsmeaning.
5.affix:
aletteroragroupofletter,whichisaddedtoaword,andwhichchangesthemeaningorfunctionoftheword,includingprefix,infixandsuffix.
6.suffix:
Theaffix,whichisaddedtotheendofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthepartofspeechofaword.
7.prefix:
Theaffix,whichisaddedtothebeginningofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthemeaningofawordtoitsopposite.
8.boundmorpheme:
Morphemethatcannotbeusedalone,anditmustbecombinedwitothers.E.g.—nent.
9.freemorpheme:
amorphemethatcanstandaloneasaword.
10.derivationalmorpheme:
Boundmorpheme,whichcanbeaddedtoastemtoformanewword.
11.inflectionalmorpheme:
Akindofmorpheme,whichareusedtomakegrammaticalcategories,suchasnumber,tenseandcase.
12.morphologicalrules:
Thewayswordsareformed.Theserulesdeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformwords.
poundwords:
Acombinationoftwoormorewords,whichfunctionsasa
singlewords
14.inflection:
themorphologicalprocesswhichadjustswordsbygrammaticalmodification,e.g.inTherainscame,rainisinflectedforpluralityandcameforpasttense.
Chapter4:
Syntax
1.syntax:
Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.
2.category:
ItreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularIanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.
6.phrase:
syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrase,thecategoryofwhichisdeterminedbythewordcategoryaroundwhichthephraseisbuilt.
8.head:
Thewordroundwhichphraseisformedistermedhead.
9.specifier:
Thewordsontheleftsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers.
plement:
Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsarecomplements.
11.phrasestructurerule:
Thespecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.
14.coordination:
Somestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasandoror.Suchphenomenonisknownascoordination.
15.subcategorization:
Theinformationaboutaword'scomplementisincluded
intheheadandtermedsuncategorization.
plementizer:
Wordswhichintroducethesentencecomplementaretermedcomplementizer.
plementclause:
Thesentenceintroducedbythecomplementizeriscalledacomplementclause.
plementphrase:
theelements,includingacomplementizerandacomplementclauseiscalledacomplementphrase.
19.matrixclause:
thecontrusctioninwhichthecomplementphraseisembeddediscalledmatrixclause.
20.modifier:
theelement,whichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheadsiscalledmodifier.
21.transformation:
aspecialtypeofrulethatcanmoveanelementfromonepositiontoanother
22.inversion:
theprocessoftransformationthatmovestheauxiliaryfromtheInflpositiontoapositiontotheleftofthesubject,iscalledinversion.
23.Doinsertion:
Intheprocessofformingyes-noquestionthatdoesnotcontainanovertInfl,interrogativedoisinsertedintoanemptyInflpositontomaketransformationwork.
24.deepstructure:
AlevelofabstractsyntacticrepresentationformedbytheXPrule.
25.surfacestructure:
Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationafterapplyingthenecessarysyntacticmovement,i.e.,transformation,tothedeepstructure.(05)
26.universalgrammar:
theinnatenessprinciplesandpropertiesthatpertaintothegrammarsofallhumanIanguages.
Chapter5:
Semantics
I.semantics:
Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.
3.sense:
Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.It
isthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandde-contexturalized.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.
4.referenee:
Refereneemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.Itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementand
thenon-linguisticworldofexperienee.
5.synonymy:
SynonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaningWordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.
6.dialectalsynonyms:
synonymsthatareusedindifferentregionaldialects.
7.stylisticsynonyms:
synonymsthatdifferinstyle,ordegreeofformality.
8.collocationalsynonyms:
Synonymsthatdifferintheircolllocation,i.e.,inthewordstheygotogetherwith.
9.polysemy:
Thesamewordhasmorethanonemeaning.
10.homonymy:
Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.
II.homophones:
Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarehomophones.
12.homographs:
Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.
pletehomonymy:
Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecompletehomonyms.
14.hyponymy:
Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.
15.superordinate:
Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate.
16.co-hyponyms:
Hyponymsofthesamesuperordinateareco-hyponyms.
17.antonymy:
Thetermantonymyisusedforoppositenessofmeaning.
20.relationalopposites:
Pairsifwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites.Forexample,husba