hnd商法导论outcome2案例+答案.docx

hnd商法导论outcome2案例+答案.docx

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hnd商法导论outcome2案例+答案

HND商法导论Outcome2案例+答案（总5页）

Casestudy1

Samirseesasetofgolfclubsdisplayedinashopwindowfor￡500.Heenterstheshopandstateshewilltaketheclubs.Theshopkeeperhoweversaystheclubsarenolongerforsale.Samirisdemandingthathebesoldtheclubsandatthepricedisplayed.

Identifytheessentialrequirementsofacontractanddiscusswhetheracontractexistshere.

Acontractisanagreementbetweenpartieshavingthecapacitytomakeit,intheformdemandedbythelaw,toperform,ononesideorboth,actswhicharenottrifling,indeterminate,impossibleorillegal,creatinganobligationenforceableinacourtoflaw.Avalidcontracthasthreeessentialfeatures:

theremustbeaagreementonallmaterialaspects;atleasttwocontractingpartiesandlegalobligations.

Acontractconsistsofanofferandanacceptance.Ifthereisnoofferinthefirstplacethentherecanbenocontract.Thebasicelementsofacontractincludeanofferandanacceptance.

InthecaseSamirseesasetofgolfclubsdisplayedinashopwindowfor￡500.Heenterstheshopandstateshewilltaketheclubs.Butshopkeepersaystheclubsarenolongerforsale.Samirisdemandingthathebesoldtheclubsandatthepricedisplayed.

Accordingtothiscasewecansaythattheseisnotexistacontract.Inthecasethatasetofgolfclubsareexhibitedinashopwindow,thusitisnotanoffer.Becausethegoodsdisplayedinashopwindowasainvitationtotreat,wecanknowthatgoodsdisplayedinashopwindow（evenwhenpriced）areclassedasawillingnesstonegotiateontheshopspart.Invitationstotreatalsoisconsideredtoinquirythepriceofgoods,meansapartytoinvitetheotherpersontomakeoffers.Differentanoffer,awillingnesstonegotiateonlyaspreparedtomakeacontractofbehaviorontheissuewhoisnotlegallybinding.Thecustomerwillmaketheoffertobuythegoodswhichtheshopareperfectlywithintheirrightstorefuse.Theinvitationstotreatarenotlegallyclassedasoffersandthereforecannotbeaccepted.

Beforethepartywhogaveofftheinvitationstotreatcouldnotaccepttheotherpeople’sofferstheycanrevocation,andthenthecontractisnotbuild.WhenSamiraskedtobuythegolfclubstheshopkeeperrefusedhin,andtherewasnoacceptance.SowhentheshopkeeperrefusedSamirwhichisasetofgolfclubsarenotthegoodforsale,itjustbeusedasornament,andattractedtheconsumersinterested.Soanofferinthiscaseisnotfound,eithernorcontractconsistsofanofferandanacceptance,wecanknowthatthereisonofferandthereisoncontract.

Casestudy2

TomisthetopsalesmanforABCMotors.Hehasbeenofferedajobbyarivalcompanybutisconcernedbecausethereisaclauseinhiscontractwhichpreventshimfromworkingforanyothercarcompanyforfiveyears.

Tomisthetopsalesmanbecauseheregularlytellspotentialcustomerswhattheyliketohearratherthanthefacts.Hehasdonethisinrelationtoagesofvehicles,odometerreadingsandvehicleservicehistories.

TomrecentlycompletedadealtobuyavintagesportscarforABCMotorsfromnowdiscoverthatBarry（nothisrealname）hadstolenthevehicle.

Question1

WhatisarestrictivecovenantAdviseTomastothelegalityoftheclauseinhiscontract.

YoucanrefertoBluebellApparelLtdvDickinson（1980）onpage146

Question2

HowwouldyouclassifyTom’sstatementstothecustomersandwhatarethepossibleconsequencesforTomandABCmotorsinrelationtothesestatements

YoucanrefertoSmithvSim（1954）onpage161

Question3

WhatisthelegalpositionwithregardtothevehiclewhichTomhaspurchasedfromBarry

YoucanrefertoMorrisonvRobertson（1908）onpage153

1Restrictivecovenantisaagreementwhichrestrictthepartylibertytoworkandtrade.SuchcontractsareVOIDunlesstherestrictioncanbeshowntobereasonabletobothpartiesinvolvedandtothegeneralpublic.Therearethreetypesofrestrictivecovenants:

contractsbetweenemployerandemployee,contractsbetweensellersandpurchaserofabusinessand‘solus’agreements.Forallthreetypes,thepartyattemptingtoenforcetheagreementmustprovethatitisreasonabletobothpartiesconcernedandtothegeneralpublic.Iftheyareunabletodothisthenthecontractwillbeconsideredvoidandunenforceable.（fromthetextbookP142-142）Thiscontractarelegality,andtherestrictionwasfairinthiscontract.BecausetherelationshipofTomandABCmotorisemployerandemployee,whenenteremploymentandemployeemayagreetosomerestrictionbeingplacedonhisfutureemploymentortrade.Latertheemployeemayfeeltherestrictionisunfairandthereforehemaybreakit.Insuchcircumstancesitwouldbeuptotheemployertakehimtocourtandseekan‘interdict’forbiddingtheemployeetobreaktheagreement.Theywillconsiderthefactorthenatureofthejobtheemployeewasdoing（fromthetextbookP142）.IfTomworkedforanyothercompanywithinthevalidityperiodofthecontractthathewouldbeinapositiontoharmhisexemployers.

2The4maincausesoferrorare:

innocentmisrepresentation,fraudulentmisrepresentation,negligentmisrepresentationandconcealmentoffacts.AndTom’sstatementstocustomersclassifyfraudulentmisrepresentation,Afalseandmaterialstatementwhichinducesapartytoenterintoacontractthisismisrepresentation.Becauseheregularlytellspotentialcustomerswhattheyliketohearratherthanthefactsandhimwithoutcaringwhetheritistrueorfalse.Fraudulentmisrepresentationcanleadacontractbeingmadevoidifitinvolvedthesepoints,firstisfraudulentmisrepresentationcauseserrorinthesubstantials.Secondistheotherpartyreliedonthemisrepresentationanditwasamajorinfluenceonthementeringthecontract,thirdistheotherpartycanofferrestitutioinintegrum.SothecontractsbetweenTomandcustomersisvoid,hereliedonthemisrepresentationanditwasamajorinfluenceonthementeringthecontract,thuscustomerscanacquirecompensation.Orcancelthecontractorbothofthem.

3TombroughtacarfromBarry,butTomdiscoveredthatBarryhadstolenthevehicle.Andinthiscontracthasaerrorwhichmadethecontractvoid,theBarrystolenthecarbutTomdidnotknowbeforehimbrought,sohecannotgetthecar’sownership.Anerrorconcerningtheidentityoftheparties.Barrystolenthecarsohehaven’townershipofthiscarandsoldcar,therefore,hecannotgiveownershiptoTom,andTomdoesnotgetthecar’ownershipactually.AndinthiscaseTomcanonlylodgeaclaimtoBarry.

Casestudy3

Martinarecentlyattendedanauctionforthefirsttime.Shewasverykeen（渴望的）onaparticularpaintingandwhenthebiddingcommenced（开始）shegotsocarriedawaythatshebidmuchmorethansheintended.Martinawontheauctionbutwithfees（费用）andcommissions（佣金）addedontotheprice,shecannotpaythefullamountforthepainting.

Question1

Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterm‘breachofcontract’Givetwoexamples.

Question2

Listthemainremediesavailableforbreachofcontract.

Question3

Whatisthemostappropriateremedyfortheauctioneer（拍卖商）inthiscase

1、Whereonepartyfailstofulfilhisorherlegalobligationunderacontract.（fromthetextbookP183）

example1

TonyandJanehaveacontractwhereTonywillpayJune$100forhercaranddelivery.Tonypaysthe$100butJanefailstodelivery.（fromthetextbookP197）

InthiscasestudytherehasbeenaBreachofContractbyJaneasshehasfailedtodeliverythecar.

Example2

ShirleyandOlivahaveacontractwhereShirleybroughtacakefromOlivaforherfriendandaskedOlivasentthecaketoherfriendon12thDecember2012,butonthatdayherfrienddidnotreceivethecake.

InthiscasestudytherehasbeenabreachodcontractbyOlivaasshefailedtosentthecake.

2、Ifthereisabreachofcontractthentheinnocentpartywillhavetherighttoseekaremedyforthebreach.（fromthetextbookP184）

Damagesasaremedyforbreachofcontract.Theobjectofawardingdamagestosomeoneistoplacetheminthepositiontheywouldhavebeeninhadthecontractbeencompleted.

Sodamagesarereallyawardedascompensation-ifthepartyhasactuallylostmoneyasaresultofthebreachthenhewillbeawarded‘substantial’or‘compensatory’damages.

Insomecasesnoactuallylossmayhavebeenincurredasaresultofthebreach.Ifisstillpossiblethatdamagesmaybeawardedfortroubleandinconvenience-theseareknowas‘nominal’damages.（fromthetextbookP185）

Specificimplementasaremedyforbreachofcontract

Specificimplementistostopsomeoneforactinginbreachofcontract.Sospecificimplementmaybepositive---forcingsomeonewhohasbeeninbreachtofulfiltheirobligationsornegative---forcingsomeonewhohasbeeninbreachtostopdoingsomething.（fromthetextbookP191-192）

Rescissionasremedyforbreachofcontract.

Rescissionmeanscancellation.Withthisremedy,theinnocentpartyhastherighttorescind（cancel）thecontractiftheotherpartyhasbeenguiltyofamaterialbreachofcontract.

Themainfactortobeconsiderediswhatismeantbyamaterialofcontract.Ifthebreachisnotmaterialbutonlypartialthentherightofrescissiondoesnotexist.

Manycontractscontainsanumberofconditions,someofwhicharemoreimportantthanothers.

Ifthecontractspecificallystatesthatsomearematerialthenbreachofthesewillmeanthatrescissioncanbetakenasaremedy.（fromthetextbookP193-194）

TheDefensiveRemediesforbreachodcontract

Therearetwodefensiveremediesthatcanbetakenbythepartywhoisnotinbreach.

①Lien:

Ifapersonhaspossession（占