水资源专业术语.docx

水资源专业术语.docx

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水资源专业术语

WaterScienceGlossaryofTerms

A

acequia--acequiaswereimportantformsofirrigationinthedevelopmentofagricultureintheAmericanSouthwest.Theproliferationofcotton,pecansandgreenchileasmajoragricultualstaplesowetheirprogresstotheacequiasystem.

acid--asubstancethathasapHoflessthan7,whichisneutral.Specifically,anacidhasmorefreehydrogenions（H+）thanhydroxylions（OH-）.

acre-foot（acre-ft）--thevolumeofwaterrequiredtocover1acreofland（43,560squarefeet）toadepthof1foot.Equalto325,851gallonsor1,233cubicmeters.

alkaline--sometimeswaterorsoilscontainanamountofalkali（stronglybasic）substancessufficienttoraisethepHvalueabove7.0andbeharmfultothegrowthofcrops.

alkalinity--thecapacityofwaterforneutralizinganacidsolution.

alluvium--depositsofclay,silt,sand,gravel,orotherparticulatematerialthathasbeendepositedbyastreamorotherbodyofrunningwaterinastreambed,onafloodplain,onadelta,oratthebaseofamountain.

appropriationdoctrine--thesystemforallocatingwatertoprivateindividualsusedinmostWesternstates.ThedoctrineofPriorAppropriationwasincommonusethroughoutthearidwestasearlysettlersandminersbegantodeveloptheland.Thepriorappropriationdoctrineisbasedontheconceptof"FirstinTime,FirstinRight."ThefirstpersontotakeaquantityofwaterandputittoBeneficialUsehasahigherpriorityofrightthanasubsequentuser.Underdroughtconditions,higherpriorityusersaresatisfiedbeforejuniorusersreceivewater.Appropriativerightscanbelostthroughnonuse;theycanalsobesoldortransferredapartfromtheland.ContrastswithRiparianWaterRights.

aquaculture--farmingofplantsandanimalsthatliveinwater,suchasfish,shellfish,andalgae.

aqueduct--apipe,conduit,orchanneldesignedtotransportwaterfromaremotesource,usuallybygravity.

aquifer--ageologicformation（s）thatiswaterbearing.Ageologicalformationorstructurethatstoresand/ortransmitswater,suchastowellsandsprings.Useofthetermisusuallyrestrictedtothosewater-bearingformationscapableofyieldingwaterinsufficientquantitytoconstituteausablesupplyforpeople'suses.

aquifer（confined）--soilorrockbelowthelandsurfacethatissaturatedwithwater.Therearelayersofimpermeablematerialbothaboveandbelowitanditisunderpressuresothatwhentheaquiferispenetratedbyawell,thewaterwillriseabovethetopoftheaquifer.

aquifer（unconfined）--anaquiferwhoseupperwatersurface（watertable）isatatmosphericpressure,andthusisabletoriseandfall.

artesianwater--groundwaterthatisunderpressurewhentappedbyawellandisabletoriseabovethelevelatwhichitisfirstencountered.Itmayormaynotflowoutatgroundlevel.Thepressureinsuchanaquifercommonlyiscalledartesianpressure,andtheformationcontainingartesianwaterisanartesianaquiferorconfinedaquifer.Seeflowingwell

artificialrecharge--anprocesswherewaterisputbackintoground-waterstoragefromsurface-watersuppliessuchasirrigation,orinducedinfiltrationfromstreamsorwells.

B

baseflow--streamflowcomingfromground-waterseepageintoastream.

base--asubstancethathasapHofmorethan7,whichisneutral.Abasehaslessfreehydrogenions（H+）thanhydroxylions（OH-）.

bedrock--thesolidrockbeneaththesoilandsuperficialrock.Ageneraltermforsolidrockthatliesbeneathsoil,loosesediments,orotherunconsolidatedmaterial.

C

capillaryaction--themeansbywhichliquidmovesthroughtheporousspacesinasolid,suchassoil,plantroots,andthecapillarybloodvesselsinourbodiesduetotheforcesofadhesion,cohesion,andsurfacetension.Capillaryactionisessentialincarryingsubstancesandnutrientsfromoneplacetoanotherinplantsandanimals.

commercialwateruse--waterusedformotels,hotels,restaurants,officebuildings,othercommercialfacilities,andinstitutions.Waterforcommercialusescomesbothfrompublic-suppliedsources,suchasacountywaterdepartment,andself-suppliedsources,suchaslocalwells.

condensation--theprocessofwatervaporintheairturningintoliquidwater.Waterdropsontheoutsideofacoldglassofwaterarecondensedwater.Condensationistheoppositeprocessofevaporation.

consumptiveuse--thatpartofwaterwithdrawnthatisevaporated,transpiredbyplants,incorporatedintoproductsorcrops,consumedbyhumansorlivestock,orotherwiseremovedfromtheimmediatewaterenvironment.Alsoreferredtoaswaterconsumed.

conveyanceloss--waterthatislostintransitfromapipe,canal,orditchbyleakageorevaporation.Generally,thewaterisnotavailableforfurtheruse;however,leakagefromanirrigationditch,forexample,maypercolatetoaground-watersourceandbeavailableforfurtheruse.

cubicfeetpersecond（cfs）--arateoftheflow,instreamsandrivers,forexample.Itisequaltoavolumeofwateronefoothighandonefootwideflowingadistanceofonefootinonesecond.One"cfs"isequalto7.48gallonsofwaterflowingeachsecond.Asanexample,ifyourcar'sgastankis2feetby1footby1foot（2cubicfeet）,thengasflowingatarateof1cubicfoot/secondwouldfillthetankintwoseconds.

D

desalinization--theremovalofsaltsfromsalinewatertoprovidefreshwater.Thismethodisbecomingamorepopularwayofprovidingfreshwatertopopulations.

discharge--thevolumeofwaterthatpassesagivenlocationwithinagivenperiodoftime.Usuallyexpressedincubicfeetpersecond.

domesticwateruse--waterusedforhouseholdpurposes,suchasdrinking,foodpreparation,bathing,washingclothes,dishes,anddogs,flushingtoilets,andwateringlawnsandgardens.About85%ofdomesticwaterisdeliveredtohomesbyapublic-supplyfacility,suchasacountywaterdepartment.About15%oftheNation'spopulationsupplytheirownwater,mainlyfromwells.

drainagebasin--landareawhereprecipitationrunsoffintostreams,rivers,lakes,andreservoirs.Itisalandfeaturethatcanbeidentifiedbytracingalinealongthehighestelevationsbetweentwoareasonamap,oftenaridge.Largedrainagebasins,liketheareathatdrainsintotheMississippiRivercontainthousandsofsmallerdrainagebasins.Alsocalleda"watershed."

dripirrigation--acommonirrigationmethodwherepipesortubesfilledwithwaterslowlydripontocrops.Dripirrigationisalow-pressuremethodofirrigationandlesswaterislosttoevaporationthanhigh-pressuresprayirrigation.

drawdown--aloweringoftheground-watersurfacecausedbypumping.

E

effluent--waterthatflowsfromasewagetreatmentplantafterithasbeentreated.

erosion--theprocessinwhichamaterialiswornawaybyastreamofliquid（water）orair,oftenduetothepresenceofabrasiveparticlesinthestream.

estuary--aplacewherefreshandsaltwatermix,suchasabay,saltmarsh,orwhereariverentersanocean.

evaporation--theprocessofliquidwaterbecomingwatervapor,includingvaporizationfromwatersurfaces,landsurfaces,andsnowfields,butnotfromleafsurfaces.Seetranspiration

evapotranspiration--thesumofevaporationandtranspiration.

F

flood--Anoverflowofwaterontolandsthatareusedorusablebymanandnotnormallycoveredbywater.Floodshavetwoessentialcharacteristics:

Theinundationoflandistemporary;andthelandisadjacenttoandinundatedbyoverflowfromariver,stream,lake,orocean.

flood,100-year--A100-yearflooddoesnotrefertoafloodthatoccursonceevery100years,buttoafloodlevelwitha1percentchanceofbeingequaledorexceededinanygivenyear.

floodplain--astripofrelativelyflatandnormallydrylandalongsideastream,river,orlakethatiscoveredbywaterduringaflood.

floodstage--Theelevationatwhichoverflowofthenaturalbanksofastreamorbodyofwaterbeginsinthereachorareainwhichtheelevationismeasured.

flowingwell/spring--awellorspringthattapsgroundwaterunderpressuresothatwaterriseswithoutpumping.Ifthewaterrisesabovethesurface,itisknownasaflowingwell.

freshwater,freshwater--waterthatcontainslessthan1,000milligramsperliter（mg/L）ofdissolvedsolids;generally,morethan500mg/Lofdissolvedsolidsisundesirablefordrinkingandmanyindustrialuses.

G

gageheight--theheightofthewatersurfaceabovethegagedatum（zeropoint）.Gageheightisoftenusedinterchangeablywiththemoregeneralterm,stage,althoughgageheightismoreappropriatewhenusedwithagagereading.

gagingstation--asiteonastream,lake,reservoirorotherbodyofwaterwhereobservationsandhydrologicdataareobtained.TheU.S.GeologicalSurveymeasuresstreamdischargeatgagingstations.

geyser--ageothermalfeatureoftheEarthwherethereisanopeninginthesurfacethatcontainssuperheatedwaterthatperiodicallyeruptsinashowerofwaterandsteam.

giardiasis--adiseasethatresultsfromaninfectionbytheprotozoanparasiteGiardiaIntestinalis,causedbydrinkingwaterthatiseithernotfilteredornotchlorinated.Thedisorderismoreprevalentinchildrenthaninadultsandischaracterizedbyabdominaldiscomfort,nausea,andalternatingconstipationanddiarrhea.

glacier--ahugemassofice,formedonlandbythecompactionandrecrystallizationofsnow,thatmovesveryslowlydownslopeoroutwardduetoitsownweight.

greywater--wastewaterfromclotheswashingmachines,showers,bathtubs,handwashing,lavatoriesandsinks.

groundwater--

（1）waterthatflowsorseepsdownwardandsaturatessoilorrock,suppl