现代汉语语法.docx

现代汉语语法.docx

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现代汉语语法

现代汉语语法（ModernChinesegrammar）

Phrases,alsocalledphrases,arelanguageunitsthatcombinewordsandphrases.Itcanbedividedintothreepartsaccordingtotheirformation:

Coordinatephrases

Aphraseconsistingoftwoormorethantwonouns,verbsandadjectivesjuxtaposed.Suchasteachersandstudents,research,trainingandimproving,andwithariotofcolourisblackandwhite,andvaliantrecordetc..

Positivephrase

Aphrasecomposedofmodifiersandwordsiscomposedofanattributeoranadverbialandacentralword.Suchasmyteacher,acustomer,agreatpeople,aparadise;carefulobservation,moreresolute,suddenlyfound,veryspectacular,quitequickly.

Verbobjectphrase

Aphrasecomposedofwordsandwordsaccordingtothedominatingrelation,consistingofverbsandobjects.Suchasdinner,buildingahouse,singingthemotherland,theoverallsituation,concernedaboutthecollective,clearthinking,haveexperiencedyearsofwindandfrost.

Verbcomplementphrase

Aphrasecomposedofwordsandwordsinaccordancewithsupplementaryrelations,consistingofverbsoradjectivesandcomplements.Suchasunderstand,thinktoomuch,sendout,liveanight,say,redhot,scaredtodeath,verygood,verybeautiful,sillystay.

Subjectpredicatephrase

Aphrasecomposedofwordsandwords,whichconsistsofsubjectandpredicate.Suchasmood,racket,thegoodlifeofpeace,thebrightspringdays,curvedasKyushuetc..

Theprepositionalphrase

Phrasescomposedofprepositionsandobjects.Fromthemountains,tothedesert,tothepeople,fromtherain,intheclassroom,whenthesunrises,etc..

Therepeatedphrase

Aphrasemadeupoftwowordswhosemeaningsarebasicallythesame.AsthehometownofSichuan,thegreatleaderMaoZedong,LiBai,WuXiaoming,brewmastermastermind,theirkingAndyLau.

Theverbalphrase

Aphraseformedbyaverborverbphrase.Suchasplay,toreceivethebook,tositbackandwait,comebacktobuyfood,superfluous,targetingreturnetc..

Concurrentphrase9

Aphrasemadeupofaverbobjectphraseandasubjectpredicatephrase.Ifyoudon'ttalk,lethimcallout,thewolf,afascinating,fanghuguishan,etc.,failtocommand.

Thespecialphrases

（1.）wordphrase.Suchas,say,see,think,donotwanttosee;（2.）"phrase"phrase.Aswesee,andthefantastic,womanishlyfussy;（3.modalphrase.Ifyoucanseeandspeak,willingtoorders,canstarttoabsent;thenumberofphrases,thenumeralsandquantifiersarecombinedintophrases,suchasagroup,abar,abasket,twoorfortyyears.Accordingtothegrammaticalfunction,phrasescanbedividedintonounphrases,adjectivephrases,verbphrases,subjectpredicatephrases,prepositionalphrases,etc..

Editthisparagraphfour.Sentenceandsentenceclassification.

Thesentenceisaunitoflanguageconsistsofwordsorphrases,toexpressacompletemeaning,cancompleteasimplecommunicativetask,acertaintoneinspeech,saidthestatement,interrogative,imperative,interjection,withafullstop,questionmark,exclamationpointinwritingexpressed.Completesentencestructureis:

（fixed）main//[]<>+complementpredicateshape（fixed）objectforexample:

（we）[]]tolearnsomestudents||[<>good（Professional）course/ininfrontofthesubjectandthelanguagecenterismodifiedsubjectorobjectsuchas:

"（winter）thespring"usedintheverbcomplement,isthatpredicatecentersuchas:

"identify"carefully""

Sentenceelement

1,subjectsubjectistheobjectofpredicatestatement,whichis"whatperson"or"what"".Forexample:

（1）theChinesepeoplehavehighaspirations.

（2）improvingthescientificandculturallevelofthewholeChinesenationisthevitalcauseofhundredsofmillionsofpeople.2,thepredicatepredicateisthestatementofthesubject,indicatingthesubject,indicatingthesubject"whatis",orhow".Forexample:

（1）theskysuddenlydisappeared.

（2）theleavesareyellow.（3）Wangissixteenyearsold.

（4）LuXunisthefounderofChinesemodernliterature.（5）tomorrow,Sunday.（6）hereadsallthebooks.3,theobjectintheverbbehind,indicatingtheaction,behaviorinvolvingthepersonorthing,answer"who"or"what"akindofproblem.Forexample:

（1）whatiscalledinformation?

（2）surroundedbyacrowdofpeopleatthegate.（3）Marxthoughtthatknowledgewasthemeanstofightandservetheliberationoftheproletariat.4,attributiveattributiveisthejointcomponentofthenounorpronoun,whichisusedtomodifytherestrictednounorpronoun,indicatingthenature,status,quantity,andbelongingofapersonorthing.Forexample:

（1）thatheavyrice,likearidge（golden）pearl.

（2）threecupsofwineandrelatives.（3）inthesnow（red）pearltea（BaiZhongyingreen）,theplum（DanBan）.（4）thehistoryofChinahasitsowncharacteristics.5,adverbialadverbialisaverboradjectiveinfrontofthejointcomponent,usedtomodify,restrictverbsoradjectives,indicatingtheactionofthestate,mode,time,placeordegree.Forexample:

（1）he[hasalreadygone].

（2）let'ssee[Beijing].（3）thesongbringsdeepmemoriestotheteacher.（4）sciencefinallydefeateddivinerightswithgreatandoverwhelmingforce.Adverbsandadjectivesareoftenusedasadverbials.Nounsoftimeandplaceareoftenusedasadverbials,andnounsingeneralarenotadverbial.Inadditiontotheverbverb,verbrarelyadverbialprepositionalphrasesoftenusedasadverbial.Generaladverbialtighteveninthecentralhighspeedinfrontofthetable,butthetimeandplace,thepurposeofanounorprepositionalphraseasadverbial,canbeplacedinfrontofthesubject,suchas[inHangzhou],wevisitedtheWestLakescenicspots.6.complementcomplementisthejointcomponentbehindtheverboradjective.Itisusedtosupplementtheaction,theresult,thedegree,thetendency,thetime,theplace,thequantity,theshapeandsoon.Forexample:

（1）thebroadmassesofthepeopledo"bustlingwithenthusiasm".

（2）thecharactershewrotearenotbetterthantheoriginalone,buttheyarebetterthanmany.（3）hewasbornin1918.（4）hesitsatthetable.（5）thecolorissothickthatitlookslikeit'sgoingtoflow.7.independentcomponentsinthesentenceandothercomponents（themain,predicateandobject,andthelike,producefill）structure,butthemeaningisnecessaryforthewholesentence,hasarelativelyindependentcomponent,usedtoexpresstheappellationofthings,thatcall,theoriginalestimate,notes,andsighimitate,toneetc..Forexample:

（1）itisverysimple,yousee,wecanmatter?

（2）itisveryobviousthatthescientificandculturallevelofthewholeChinesenationisnotgreatlyimproved,andthefourmodernizationsareemptytalk.（3）ah,howfascinatedpeopleofthebeautifulbrightautumn!

（4）bang,bang,aguncame,asanindependentcomponent,therearesomewords,somephrases,itismoreflexibleinthesentenceposition,someinthesentencehead,andsomeinthesentence.8,thecompoundreferstotheuseoftwoormorethantwowordsorphrasesrefertothesamething,asthesamesentencecomponents.Forexample:

（1）Mr.himselfwantstowritebooks.

（2）thestateshouldbeindependent,thenationshouldbeliberated,andthepeoplewantrevolution.Anirresistiblehistoricaltrend.（3）thisisthemostmagnificentbattleontheKoreanbattlefield--thebattleofpinepeak.-modifiedsentence]+（set）themain+[shapepredicateverbcomplement]<>+（fixed）+<>objectobjectcomplement.Whenforeignerscometo[],（Hospitality）inTianjin[][alwaysplayedonthegroundbeamwithjoy>>（Tianjin）<>howauthenticsnacks

Distinguishbetween:

First,carefullyexaminethetwoconcepts,startingfromtheanswertotheproblem.Theobjectisthedominatingobjectoftheverbcentrallanguage,andthecomplementisthecomplementtotheverbandtheadjectivecentralword,accordingtothesetwodifferentconcepts,

Weknowthattheobjectisajointcomponentofverb,betweenitandtheverbistobeconcernedwiththerelationshipinvolved,theansweris"who"or"what"category;andcomplementverbsisjointcomponentwordsbehindit,andtheverbsoradjectivesisaddedandadded,andthatisthatrelationship,answerthequestionof"how".Forexample:

（1）heplaysball.

（2）heplayedthe"lost".Cases

（1）,"ball"is"playing"referstotheobject,answer"what"questions,soitisanexample

（2）inthe"lost"isadded"hit"theansweris"how"questions,soisthecomplement.Itisthemostbasicmethodtodistinguishtheobjectandcomplementfromthetwoaspectsoftheconceptandtheanswertothedifferentquestions.Second,accordingtotheclassificationofthepartsofspeech,wecanidentifythequantitativestructure.Itisalsooneofthemethodstojudgethesentenceelementsbycomparingthepartsofspeech.Theobjectastheobjectverbinvolved,oftenwithnouns,pronounsorothernounphrasesascomplements;andoftenuseadjectives,verbs,prepositions,verbs,adjectivestructuresorotherwordstoactas.Forexample:

（1）hereadsbooks.

（2）helookedatit.（3）whatdoeshelookat?

（4）hesawitveryseriously.（5）hewenttoXinhuabookstore.（6）hecamefromthesouth.Theabove

（1）（3）（5）sentencesusenouns,pronounsandnounphrasesasobjects,while

（2）（4）（6）sentencesuseverbs,adjectivesorprepositionalstructuresascomplements.Thequantitystructurecanbeusedasanobjectoracomplementinasentence,soweshoulddistinguishitfromthemeaningoftheword.Forexample,hewrotethree;hesangthreetimes.Theformer"three"referstothethings,istoreplaceattributivecenteroftheword,itistheobject;thelatterreferstothe"threetimes"thenumberisaddedtosing,"sing"theverb,itisthecomplement.Hewast