刑事诉讼法大纲美国法学院.docx

刑事诉讼法大纲美国法学院.docx

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刑事诉讼法大纲美国法学院

EmanuelLawOutlines

CriminalProcedure

Chapter1

CONSTITUTIONAL

CRIMINALPROCEDUREGENERALLY

I.STATEPROCEDURESANDTHEFEDERALCONSTITUTION

A.Meaningof"criminalprocedure":

Theterm"criminalprocedure"referstothemethodsbywhichthecriminaljusticesystemfunctions.Herearesomeofthetopicsthatareusuallyincludedwithincriminalprocedure:

1.Thearrestingofsuspects.

2.Thesearchingofpremisesandpersons.

3.Theuseofelectronicsurveillanceandsecretagents.

4.Theinterrogationofsuspects,andtheobtainingofconfessions.

5.Theuseofline-upsandotherpre-trialidentificationprocedures.

6.TheExclusionaryRule,andhowitaffectstheadmissibilityofevidenceobtainedthroughmethodsthatviolatetheConstitution.

7.Therighttocounsel.

8.Grandjuryproceedings.

9.Bailandpreventivedetention.

10.Pleabargaining.

11.Therighttoaspeedytrial.

12.Pre-trialdiscovery.

13.TheDoubleJeopardyclause.

B.FocusonU.S.Constitution:

ManyaspectsofcriminalprocedureareregulatedbytheU.S.Constitution,particularlytheBillofRights（thefirsttenamendments）.Asdiscussedbelow,mostfederalconstitutionalprovisionsconcerningcriminalprocedurearebindingonstateproceedingsaswellasfederalones.

1.Non-constitutionalissues:

Thestatesarefreetodeveloptheirownproceduresfordealingwithcriminalprosecutions,aslongasthesedonotviolatethefederalconstitution.

C.ApplicabilityofBillofRightstostates:

Indecidinghowthefederalconstitutionappliestostatecriminalprosecutions,theSupremeCourtfollowsthe"selectiveincorporation"approach.Underthisapproach,notallrightsenumeratedintheBillofRightsareapplicabletothestate,butifanyaspectofarightisfoundtobesonecessarytofundamentalfairnessthatitappliestothestates,thenallaspectsofthatrightapply.Thusifarightisapplicableinstatecourts,itsscopeisthesameasinfederalcourts.[2]

1.Allbuttworightsapplicabletostates:

AllBillofRightsguaranteeshavebeenheldapplicabletothestates,exceptfortwo.[5]ThetwoBillofRightsguaranteesthathavenotbeenfoundapplicabletothestatesare:

a.Bail:

TheEighthAmendment’sguaranteeagainstexcessivebail（sothatapparently,astatemaychoosetoofferbail,butmaythensetitinan"excessive"amount）;and

b.Grandjuryindictment:

TheFifthAmendment’srighttoagrandjuryindictment（sothatastatemaydecidetobeginaprosecutionbyusingan"information"preparedbytheprosecutorratherthanagrandjuryindictment）.

D.Raisingconstitutionalclaimsinfederalcourt:

Adefendantinastatecriminalproceedingcanofcourseraiseintheproceedingitselftheclaimthathisfederalconstitutionalrightshavebeenviolated（e.g.,bytheuseagainsthimofacoercedconfessionorthefruitsofanillegalsearchandseizure）.

1.Federalhabeascorpus:

Butthestatecriminaldefendanthasinsomesituationsasecondchancetoarguethatthestatetrialhasviolatedhisfederalconstitutionalrights:

hemaybringafederalactionforawritofhabeascorpus.Thedefendantmaybringahabeascorpusproceedingonlyafterhehasbeenconvictedandhasexhaustedhisstateappellateremedies.Thepetitionforhabeascorpusisheardbyafederaldistrictcourtjudge.Ifthejudgefindsthattheconvictionwasobtainedthroughaviolationofthedefendant’sconstitutionalrights,hecanorderthedefendantreleased（usuallysubjecttoanewtrial）.[5]

a.Limits:

Therearesignificantlimitsonthekindsofargumentsadefendantcanmakeinafederalhabeascorpusproceeding.Mostimportant,insearchandseizurecases,ifthestatehasgivenDtheopportunityfora"fullandfairlitigation"forhisFourthAmendmentclaim（thatis,thedefendantgotafairchancetoarguethatevidenceshouldnotbeintroducedagainsthimbecauseitwasthefruitofanillegalsearchorseizure）,Dmaynotmakethisargumentinhishabeascorpuspetition,evenifthefederalcourtisconvincedthatthestatecourtreachedthewrongconstitutionalconclusion.[Stonev.Powell][5]

II.STEPSINACRIMINALPROCEEDING

A.Hereisabriefsummaryofthestepsinacriminalproceeding:

1.Arrest:

Whenapoliceofficerhasprobablecausetobelievethatasuspecthascommittedacrime,theofficermakesanarrest.Anarrestmayoccureitherwithorwithoutawarrant（mostaremadewithoutawarrant）.Arrestusuallyinvolvestakingthesuspectintocustodyandtransportinghimtothepolicestation.[7]

2.Booking:

Atthepolicestation,thesuspectundergoes"booking"whichincludesenteringinformationabouthimintoapoliceblotter,photographingandfingerprintinghim.[7]

3.Filingcomplaint:

Aprosecutornowdecideswhetherthereisenoughevidencetofilecharges;ifso,theprosecutorpreparesa"complaint."[7]

4.Firstappearance:

Afterthecomplainthasbeenfiled,thesuspectisbroughtbeforeamagistrate.Inmoststates,thisiscalledthe"firstappearance."Here,themagistrateinformsDofthecharges,notifieshimthathehastherighttocounsel,andsetsbailorreleasesDwithoutbail.[7]

5.Preliminaryhearing:

Ifthecaseisafelonycase,a"preliminaryhearing"isheld.Again,thisisinfrontofamagistrate,andusuallyinvolveslivewitnessessothemagistratecandeterminewhetherthereisprobablecausetobelievethatDcommittedthecrimecharged.[8]

6.Filingofindictmentorinformation:

Inthefederalsystem,orina"grandjury"state,thenextstepisforagrandjurytoheartheprosecutor’sevidenceandtoissueanindictment.Inanon-grand-jurystate,theprosecutornowpreparesan"information,"recitingthecharges.[8]

7.Arraignment:

Aftertheindictmentorinformationhasbeenfiled,Dis"arraigned";thatis,heisbroughtbeforethetrialcourtandaskedtopleadinnocentorguilty.[8]

8.Pre-trialmotions:

Defensecounselnowmakesanypre-trialmotions.[9]

9.Trial:

Nextcomesthetrial.Ifthechargeisafelony,oramisdemeanorpunishablebymorethansixmonthsinprison,allstates（andthefederalsystem）giveDtherighttohavethecasetriedbeforeajury.[9]

10.Sentencing:

IfDpleadsguiltyorisfoundguiltyduringthetrial,heisthensentenced（usuallybythejudge,notthejury）.[9]

11.Appeals:

Aconvicteddefendantisthenentitledtoappeal（e.g.,onthegroundsthattheevidenceadmittedagainsthimattrialwastheresultofanunconstitutionalsearch）.[9]

12.Post-convictionremedies:

Bothstateandfederalprisoners,evenafterdirectappeal,maychallengetheirconvictionsthroughfederal-courthabeascorpusprocedures.[9]

Chapter2

ARREST;PROBABLECAUSE;SEARCHWARRANTS

I.GENERALPRINCIPLES

A.FourthAmendment:

TheFourthAmendmenttotheU.S.Constitutionprovides,"Therightofthepeopletobesecureintheirpersons,houses,papers,andeffects,againstunreasonablesearchesandseizures,shallnotbeviolated,andnoWarrantsshallissue,butuponprobablecause,supportedbyOathoraffirmation,andparticularlydescribingtheplacetobesearched,andthepersonsorthingstobeseized."[12]

B.Appliestobothsearchesandarrests:

TheFourthAmendmentthusappliesbothtosearchesandseizuresofproperty,andtoarrestsofpersons.[13]

1.Invalidarrestnodefense:

Generally,thefactthatDwasarrestedinanunconstitutionalmannermakesnodifference:

adefendantmaygenerallybetriedandconvictedregardlessofthefactthathisarrestwasmadeinviolationoftheFourthAmendment.[13]However,whenevidenceisseizedaspartofawarrantlesssearchconductedincidenttoanarrest,theevidencewillbeexcludedasinadmissibleifthearrestwasaviolationoftheConstitution（e.g.,thearrestingofficerdidnothaveprobablecausetobelievethatDhadcommittedacrime）.[13]

2.Probablecauseforissuanceofwarrant:

Whereasearchorarrestwarrantisissued,theFourthAmendmentrequiresthatthewarrantbeissuedonlybasedon"probablecause."Thisrequirementisquitestrictlyenforced.

3.Wherewarrantrequired:

Awarrantisusuallyrequiredbeforeasearchorseizuretakesplace,unlessthereare"exigentcircumstances."Anarrestwarrant,bycontrast,isusuallynotconstitutionallyrequired.

4.Searchmustalwaysbe"reasonable":

Whetherornotthereisasearchwarrantorarrestwarrant,thearrestorsearchmustnotbe"unreasonable."

5.Probablecauseforwarrantlesssearchorarrest:

ButthereisnorequirementintheFourthAmendmentthatawarrantlesssearchorseizuretakeplaceonlyuponprobablecause.Thisiswhypolicemayconductabrief"stopandfrisk"evenwithoutprobablecause:

theyaremakingaFourthAmendment"seizure,"butmerelyneedsomereasonablesuspicion,notprobablecause.（SeeTerryv.Ohio,discussedbelow.）

II.AREASANDPEOPLEPROTECTEDBYTHEFOURTHAMENDMENT

A.Katz"expectationofprivacy"doctrine:

AFourthAmendmentsearchorseizureonlytakesplacewhenaperson’s"reasonableexpectationofprivacy"hasbeenviolated.[14][Katzv.U.S.]

1.Waiverofprivacyright:

Aperson’sconductmaymeanthathehasnoreasonableexpectationofprivacyinaparticularsituation.Ifso,noFourthAmendmentsearchorseizurewillresult,evenifthepolicearedoingsomethingwhichanon-lawyerwouldthinkofasbeinga"search"or"seizure."

Example:

Dputssomepapersintoapublictrashbin,unawarethatthepolicearewatchinghisconductthroughbinoculars.Becauseapersonwhodisposesoftrashnormallydoesnothavea"reasonableexpectationofprivacy"astothetrash,thepolicedonotcommitaFourthAmendmentsearchorseizurewhentheygothroughthetrashbin’scontentsandremovethepapersbelongingtoD（andusetheseinasubsequentprosecutionofD）.

a.Contexts:

Sometypesof