英语语法it作形式主语或宾语.docx
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英语语法it作形式主语或宾语
Theteamisheadedbya44-year-oldMongolian,whosewifeisaTibetan.
TheTowerofLondon,wheresomanypeoplelosttheirlives,isnowatouristattraction.
SheisgoingtospendthesummerholidaysinQingdao,whereshehassomerelatives.
TheywillflytoKunming,wheretheyplantostayfortwoorthreedays,andthengoontoGuilin.
ShewasveryfondofspeakingFrench,whichindeedshespokewell.
Theyturnedadeafeartoourdemands,whichenragedallofus.
ShemarriedJoe,whichsurprisedeveryone.
Which表示this或that时，也可用于inwhichcase,atwhichpoint,onwhichoccasion等说法：
Imayhavetoworklate,inwhichcaseI’lltelephone.
Thespeakerpausedtoexaminehisnotes,atwhichpointaloudcrashwasheard.
Aswasusualwithher,shetookawalkaroundhereaftersupper.
Theoutput,asisreported,hasbeendoubledinthepastthreeyears.
Ismiledbroadly,asIalwaysdointhosesituations.
Heopposedtheidea,ascouldbeexpected.
Shewasnotunconscious,ascouldbejudgedfromhereyes.
限制性定语从句
ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.
ThisisthemantowhomIreferred.
Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe’vehadsomuchdiscussion.
Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench.
Theagencyfromwhichweboughtourticketsisbankrupt.
限制性和非限制性定语从句的理解
MybrotherwhoisadoctorlivesinNewYork.
Mybrother,whoisadoctor,livesinNewYork.
MybrotherwhoisadoctorlivesinNewYork.我有不止一个brother,其中当医生的那个在纽约工作。
Mybrother,whoisadoctor,livesinNewYork.我brother在纽约工作。
他是个医生。
Suchpeopleasyoudescribearerarenowadays.
Let’sdiscussonlysuchquestionsasconcerneveryoneofus.
SuchpeopleasknewTomthoughthewasatalentedyoungman.
由as引导的定语从句（多和such连用）
Suchpeopleasyoudescribearerarenowadays.
Let’sdiscussonlysuchquestionsasconcerneveryoneofus.
SuchpeopleasknewTomthoughthewasatalentedyoungman.
Allisnotgoldthatglitters.
Helaughsbestwholaughslast.
Plainlyenough,anyonemustrealizeitwhoreflectsuponthemannerinwhichtheyreachpublicoffice.
Heisarealsportsmanwhodoesnotseemtocareifhewinsorloses.
先行词与关系词被分隔的从句
Allisnotgoldthatglitters.
Helaughsbestwholaughslast.
Plainlyenough,anyonemustrealizeitwhoreflectsuponthemannerinwhichtheyreachpublicoffice.
Heisarealsportsmanwhodoesnotseemtocareifhewinsorloses.
Hardlyamancametotheexhibitionbutwasdeeplyimpressedbytheoriginalityofhisworks.
Thereisnohabitsooldbutmaybecuredbyastrongwill-power.
Therewasnotasinglepersontherebutthoughtyouwereintheright.
由but引导的定语从句。
（用于带否定含义的语句中,现在较少见。
）
Hardlyamancametotheexhibitionbutwas（whowasnot）deeplyimpressedbytheoriginalityofhisworks.
Thereisnohabitsooldbutmaybe（thatmaynotbe）curedbyastrongwill-power.
Therewasnotasinglepersontherebutthought（whodidn’tthink）youwereintheright.
It’sgoodofyoutobeconstantlythinkingofhelpingothers.
It’snouseyourtellingmenottoworry.
Itwasanuisancehavingtowaitforsuchalongtime.
IthappenedthatIwasn’ttherethatday.
Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.
It seems that there is a big waste pipe coming
down from the town.
Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.
Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?
Itremainsunknownwhentheyaregoingtogetmarried.
Hemakesitarulenevertoborrowmoney.
Theyfeltitdifficulttofinishtheworkinsuchashorttime.
Mypointisthatthefrequentcomplaintofonegenerationabouttheoneimmediatelyfollowingitisinevitable.
Idon’tthinkitpossibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork.
Weallfinditimportantthatwe（should）makeaquickdecisionaboutthismatter.
Ithinkitnoneedtalkingaboutitwiththem.
Ihateitwhenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.
Ilikeitintheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.
Shewon’tlikeitifyouarrivelate.
I’dappreciateitifyouwouldliketoteachmehowtousethecomputer.
I'dpreferitifIdidn'thavetofinishthework.
Itakeitthattheywillsucceedsoonerorlater.
ThenewspapershaveitthatsomeJapanesefirmshavegonebankrupt.
Weoweittoyouthattherewasn’taseriousaccident.
Ileaveittoyourownjudgmentwhetheryoushoulddoit.
Don'ttakeitforgrantedthattheywillsupportyou.
I'llseetoitthateverythingisreadyintime.
YoumaydependonitthatTomwillhelpyouwithyourEnglish.
I’mcountingonitthatyouwillcome.
I’llmakeitknowntoallthatyouarenothonest.
It作形式主语和形式宾语
由不定式、动名词和从句充当的主语
Totranslatethisidealintorealityneedshardwork.
Fortheircountrytobeneutralinthisconflictwasoutofthequestion.
Popularizingthenewmethodwasnotaneasyjob.
Walkingisgoodexercise.
Whathashappenedprovesthatourpolicyisright.
Whetherwe’llgodependsontheweather.
Thattheyfailedintheirattemptisentirelyunderstandable.
It作形式主语
为了避免句子头重脚轻,往往由it代替作主语的不定式、动名词或从句。
用不定式作主语的这类句子很多：
Itisourdutytoattendtothismatter.
Whatamistake（itis）tohaverejectedtheplan!
Howmuchdoesitcosttosendaletterbyregisteredmail?
用动名词作主语的句子不很多，主要用在以nogood,nouse,useless,senseless,nuisance,worthwhile,waste,dangerous等词作表语的句子中：
It’snogoodwaitinghere.Let’swalkhome.
It’snicetalkingtoyou.
It’snousetalkingtohimaboutit.
It’sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.
Itishardworkkeepingthegrassgreenatthistimeofyear.
It’sdangerousplayingwithfire.
Itwasverydifficultgettingeverythingreadyintime.
Isitworthwhiletakingsuchtrouble?
用从句作主语的这类句子是不少的。
常见的有下面几类：
1）Itisapity（ashame,afact,anhonour,awonder,agoodthing,goodnews,commonknowledge,nowonder,adeplorablething,etc.）that…
2）Itisstrange（natural,surprising,obvious,true,fortunate,good,wonderful,funny,ridiculous,possible,impossible,likely,unlikely,quiteclear,unusual,etc.）that…
3）Itwassaid（reported,rumoured,announced,arranged,decided,stressed,expected,etc.）that…
4）Itseems（happened,thuscameabout,turnedout,suddenlystruckme,occurredtome,etc.）that…
5）Itisdoubtful（notknown,notdecided,notmadeclear,tobefoundout,tobemadeclear,tobeargued,tobediscussed,tobedecided,beingdiscussed,beingconsidered,aquestion,amystery,debatable,uncertain,opentoquestion,etc.）十whether/wh-词引起的从句。
6）Itdoesn’tmatter（doesn’tmaketoomuchdifference,doesn’tseemtomattermuch,doesn’talterthesituation,isoflittleconsequence,doesn’taffectus,etc.）十whether/wh-词引起的从句。
在英语中，当动词不定式、动名词或从句在句中充当宾语且其后又带有宾语补足语时，习惯上要在宾语补足语前使用一个没有具体意义的形式宾语it，而将真正的宾语移到补足语的后面，构成“动词＋it＋宾语补足语＋不定式/动名词/从句）”结构。
（常见动词为think/find/feel/consider/make/regard）如：
Shefeltitherdutytotakegoodcareofthem.
Ithinkitmyhonortobeinvitedtospeakhere.
IfeelitapitythatIhaven’tbeentotheget-together.
IhavemadeitarulethatIkeepdiaries.
Tomdidn’tfinditdifficulttowritelettersinChinese.
Ifinditpleasanttoworkwithhim.
Allthesenoisesmadeitimpossibleformetogoonwiththework.
Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofhotwatereveryday.
Ithinkitbestthatyoushouldstayhere.
Theheadmasterhasmadeitclearthattheschoolmeetingwillnotbeputoff.
Ithinkitnogoodgoingtherenow.
但我们常会碰到it用作形式宾语时之后没有形容词或名词作宾语补足语的情况。
“it”的这种特殊用法常出现在以下几种结构中。
A.动词＋it＋when/if从句。
常见于appreciate,enjoy,like,dislike,love,hate,prefer等少数动词之后。
Hehatesitwhenpeopleusehisbike.
Ihateitifyousaysuchthingsinpublic.
Wewouldmuchappreciateitifyoucoulddousthatfavour.
Iwouldappreciateitverymuchifyouwouldhelpmewithit.
hate（like）itwhen（if）…是英语中很有用句式，其意为“讨厌（喜欢）……”，其中的it可视为一种特殊的形式宾语，不可省略。
一、hateitwhen（if）…句式
Hehatesitwhenpeopleusehisbike.他讨厌别人用他的自行车。
Ihateitifyousaysuchthingsinpublic.我讨厌你在大庭广众之下说那样的事。
Ihateitwhen hespoutsofflikethat!
我实在讨厌他那样喋喋不休地说个不停。
PamhatesitwhenLeecallsheratwork.Pam讨厌Lee在上班的时候打电话给她。
二、likeitwhen（if）…句式
Shewon’tlikeitifyouarrivelate.她不喜欢你迟到。
Howwouldyoulikeitifsomeonetreatedyouinthatway?
假若别人好样对你，你怎么想?
Mensaytheylikeitwhenwomenmakethefirstmove.男人都说他们喜欢女人主动。
Idon’tlikeitwhen yougetangry.我不喜欢你生气的样子。
B.动词+it+that从句。
常见于take,have,put等少数动词之后。
Itakeitthatyouwillagreewithus.
Itakeitthatyouhavebeenout.
RumorhasitthatMaryisgettingmarried.
Letmecomeandstay.Youcanputitthatitwasarrangedbefore.
C.动词+it+介词短语+that从句。
常见于oweittosb; takeitforgranted等结构中。
IoweittoyouthatIfinishedmyworkintime.
Itookitforgrantedthattheywerenotcoming.
D.动词+介词（短语）+it+that从句。
常见于answerfor,dependon,relyon,insiston,lookto,seeto,stickto等结构中。
I'llseetoitthatshegetshomesafeandsound.
Youmaydependonitthattheywillwinthistime.
I’mcountingonitthatyouwillcometoseeusoff.
E.动词+it+过去分词+从句。
常见于几个可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词之后。
Ihearditsaidthatthatfactorywasfoundedin1995.
Theyhaven'tmadeitknownwherethemeetingistotakeplace.
MyEnglishTeacher
介绍你的一位英语老师;
说明他（她）的主要教学方法以及你的看法.
IbegantolikeEnglishbecauseofmyenglishteacherinseniorschool,whohasstimulatedmygreatinterestinlearningEnglish.
Shewaspatientbutstrict.Shedidnotmindthestudents'slownessinlearning,buttomakewhatwehadlearnedstrong,sheoftenaskedustorecalltheknowledgeinclass.Thiswasalsoamethodtoexaminethehomeworkshehadassigned.
Sheissuchanexcellentteacherthatwegotsomuchfromher,I’llappreciateherforever.
MyEnglishTeacher作文讲评
优点：
大部分同学注意结构：
总-分-总，有开头、结尾句
缺点：
（1）不注意审题，要求写外表和上课的情况，有些同学漏了该要点；
注意逻辑，先写外表，再写性格、爱好；最好另起一段写老师上课的情况。
改错：
She
升级会员 