社会心理学.ppt

社会心理学.ppt

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MyersPSYCHOLOGYChapter18SocialPsychologySocialThinkingSocialPsychologyscientificstudyofhowwethinkabout,influence,andrelatetooneanotherAttributionTheorytendencytogiveacausalexplanationforsomeonesbehavior,oftenbycreditingeitherthesituationorthepersonsdispositionSocialThinkingFundamentalAttributionErrortendencyforobservers,whenanalyzinganothersbehavior,tounderestimatetheimpactofthesituationandtooverestimatetheimpactofpersonaldispositionAttitudebeliefandfeelingthatpredisposesonetorespondinaparticularwaytoobjects,peopleandeventsSocialThinkingHowweexplainsomeonesbehavioraffectshowwereacttoitNegativebehaviorSituationalattribution“Maybethatdriverisill.”Dispositionalattribution“Crazydriver!

”Tolerantreaction（proceedcautiously,allowdriverawideberth）Unfavorablereaction（speedupandracepasttheotherdriver,giveadirtylook）SocialThinkingOurbehaviorisaffectedbyourinnerattitudesaswellasbyexternalsocialinfluencesInternalattitudesExternalinfluencesBehaviorSocialThinkingAttitudesfollowbehaviorCooperativeactionsfeedmutuallikingSocialThinkingFoot-in-the-DoorPhenomenontendencyforpeoplewhohavefirstagreedtoasmallrequesttocomplylaterwithalargerrequestRolesetofexpectationsaboutasocialpositiondefineshowthoseinthepositionoughttobehaveSocialThinkingCognitiveDissonanceTheoryweacttoreducethediscomfort（dissonance）wefeelwhentwoofourthoughts（cognitions）areinconsistentexample-whenwebecomeawarethatourattitudesandouractionsclash,wecanreducetheresultingdissonancebychangingourattitudesSocialThinkingCognitivedissonanceSocialInfluenceConformityadjustingonesbehaviororthinkingtocoincidewithagroupstandardNormativeSocialInfluenceinfluenceresultingfromapersonsdesiretogainapprovaloravoiddisapprovalSocialInfluenceThechameleoneffectParticipantParticipantrubsfaceshakesfootConfederaterubsfaceConfederateshakesfoot0.80.70.60.50.40.3NumberoftimesSocialInfluenceAschsconformityexperimentsSocialInfluenceInformationalSocialInfluenceinfluenceresultingfromoneswillingnesstoacceptothersopinionsaboutrealitySocialInfluenceParticipantsjudgedwhichpersoninSlide2wasthesameasthepersoninSlide1DifficultjudgmentsEasyjudgmentsConformityhighestonimportantjudgmentsLowHighImportance50%403020100PercentageofconformitytoconfederateswronganswersSocialInfluenceMilgramsfollow-upobedienceexperimentSocialInfluenceSomeindividualresistsocialcoercionSocialInfluenceSocialFacilitationimprovedperformanceoftasksinthepresenceofothersoccurswithsimpleorwell-learnedtasksbutnotwithtasksthataredifficultornotyetmasteredSocialLoafingtendencyforpeopleinagrouptoexertlesseffortwhenpoolingtheireffortstowardattainingacommongoalthanwhenindividuallyaccountableSocialFacilitationSocialInfluenceDeindividuationlossofself-awarenessandself-restraintingroupsituationsthatfosterarousalandanonymitySocialInfluenceGroupPolarizationenhancementofagroupsprevailingattitudesthroughdiscussionwithinthegroupGroupthinkmodeofthinkingthatoccurswhenthedesireforharmonyinadecision-makinggroupoverridesrealisticappraisalofalternativesSocialInfluenceIfagroupislike-minded,discussionstrengthensitsprevailingopinionsSocialRelationsPrejudiceanunjustifiable（andusuallynegative）attitudetowardagroupanditsmembersinvolvesstereotypedbeliefs,negativefeelings,andapredispositiontodiscriminatoryactionStereotypeageneralized（sometimesaccurate,butoftenovergeneralized）beliefaboutagroupofpeopleSocialRelationsDoesperceptionchangewithrace?

SocialRelationsAmericanstodayexpressmuchlessracialandgenderprejudiceSocialRelationsIngroup“Us”-peoplewithwhomonesharesacommonidentityOutgroup“Them”-thoseperceivedasdifferentorapartfromonesingroupSocialRelationsIngroupBiastendencytofavoronesowngroupScapegoatTheorytheorythatprejudiceprovidesanoutletforangerbyprovidingsomeonetoblameJust-WorldPhenomenontendencyofpeopletobelievetheworldisjustpeoplegetwhattheydeserveanddeservewhattheygetSocialRelationsVividcases（9/11terrorists）feedstereotypesSocialRelationsAggressionanyphysicalorverbalbehaviorintendedtohurtordestroyFrustration-AggressionPrincipleprinciplethatfrustrationtheblockingofanattempttoachievesomegoalcreatesanger,whichcangenerateaggressionSocialRelationsSocialRelationsMenwhosexuallycoercewomenSocialRelationsConflictperceivedincompatibilityofactions,goals,orideasSocialTrapasituationinwhichtheconflictingparties,byeachrationallypursuingtheirself-interest,becomecaughtinmutuallydestructivebehaviorSocialRelationsSocialtrapbypursuingourself-interestandnottrustingothers,wecanenduplosersOptimaloutcomeProbableoutcomePerson1ChooseAChooseBPerso