社会心理学.ppt
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MyersPSYCHOLOGYChapter18SocialPsychologySocialThinkingSocialPsychologyscientificstudyofhowwethinkabout,influence,andrelatetooneanotherAttributionTheorytendencytogiveacausalexplanationforsomeonesbehavior,oftenbycreditingeitherthesituationorthepersonsdispositionSocialThinkingFundamentalAttributionErrortendencyforobservers,whenanalyzinganothersbehavior,tounderestimatetheimpactofthesituationandtooverestimatetheimpactofpersonaldispositionAttitudebeliefandfeelingthatpredisposesonetorespondinaparticularwaytoobjects,peopleandeventsSocialThinkingHowweexplainsomeonesbehavioraffectshowwereacttoitNegativebehaviorSituationalattribution“Maybethatdriverisill.”Dispositionalattribution“Crazydriver!
”Tolerantreaction(proceedcautiously,allowdriverawideberth)Unfavorablereaction(speedupandracepasttheotherdriver,giveadirtylook)SocialThinkingOurbehaviorisaffectedbyourinnerattitudesaswellasbyexternalsocialinfluencesInternalattitudesExternalinfluencesBehaviorSocialThinkingAttitudesfollowbehaviorCooperativeactionsfeedmutuallikingSocialThinkingFoot-in-the-DoorPhenomenontendencyforpeoplewhohavefirstagreedtoasmallrequesttocomplylaterwithalargerrequestRolesetofexpectationsaboutasocialpositiondefineshowthoseinthepositionoughttobehaveSocialThinkingCognitiveDissonanceTheoryweacttoreducethediscomfort(dissonance)wefeelwhentwoofourthoughts(cognitions)areinconsistentexample-whenwebecomeawarethatourattitudesandouractionsclash,wecanreducetheresultingdissonancebychangingourattitudesSocialThinkingCognitivedissonanceSocialInfluenceConformityadjustingonesbehaviororthinkingtocoincidewithagroupstandardNormativeSocialInfluenceinfluenceresultingfromapersonsdesiretogainapprovaloravoiddisapprovalSocialInfluenceThechameleoneffectParticipantParticipantrubsfaceshakesfootConfederaterubsfaceConfederateshakesfoot0.80.70.60.50.40.3NumberoftimesSocialInfluenceAschsconformityexperimentsSocialInfluenceInformationalSocialInfluenceinfluenceresultingfromoneswillingnesstoacceptothersopinionsaboutrealitySocialInfluenceParticipantsjudgedwhichpersoninSlide2wasthesameasthepersoninSlide1DifficultjudgmentsEasyjudgmentsConformityhighestonimportantjudgmentsLowHighImportance50%403020100PercentageofconformitytoconfederateswronganswersSocialInfluenceMilgramsfollow-upobedienceexperimentSocialInfluenceSomeindividualresistsocialcoercionSocialInfluenceSocialFacilitationimprovedperformanceoftasksinthepresenceofothersoccurswithsimpleorwell-learnedtasksbutnotwithtasksthataredifficultornotyetmasteredSocialLoafingtendencyforpeopleinagrouptoexertlesseffortwhenpoolingtheireffortstowardattainingacommongoalthanwhenindividuallyaccountableSocialFacilitationSocialInfluenceDeindividuationlossofself-awarenessandself-restraintingroupsituationsthatfosterarousalandanonymitySocialInfluenceGroupPolarizationenhancementofagroupsprevailingattitudesthroughdiscussionwithinthegroupGroupthinkmodeofthinkingthatoccurswhenthedesireforharmonyinadecision-makinggroupoverridesrealisticappraisalofalternativesSocialInfluenceIfagroupislike-minded,discussionstrengthensitsprevailingopinionsSocialRelationsPrejudiceanunjustifiable(andusuallynegative)attitudetowardagroupanditsmembersinvolvesstereotypedbeliefs,negativefeelings,andapredispositiontodiscriminatoryactionStereotypeageneralized(sometimesaccurate,butoftenovergeneralized)beliefaboutagroupofpeopleSocialRelationsDoesperceptionchangewithrace?
SocialRelationsAmericanstodayexpressmuchlessracialandgenderprejudiceSocialRelationsIngroup“Us”-peoplewithwhomonesharesacommonidentityOutgroup“Them”-thoseperceivedasdifferentorapartfromonesingroupSocialRelationsIngroupBiastendencytofavoronesowngroupScapegoatTheorytheorythatprejudiceprovidesanoutletforangerbyprovidingsomeonetoblameJust-WorldPhenomenontendencyofpeopletobelievetheworldisjustpeoplegetwhattheydeserveanddeservewhattheygetSocialRelationsVividcases(9/11terrorists)feedstereotypesSocialRelationsAggressionanyphysicalorverbalbehaviorintendedtohurtordestroyFrustration-AggressionPrincipleprinciplethatfrustrationtheblockingofanattempttoachievesomegoalcreatesanger,whichcangenerateaggressionSocialRelationsSocialRelationsMenwhosexuallycoercewomenSocialRelationsConflictperceivedincompatibilityofactions,goals,orideasSocialTrapasituationinwhichtheconflictingparties,byeachrationallypursuingtheirself-interest,becomecaughtinmutuallydestructivebehaviorSocialRelationsSocialtrapbypursuingourself-interestandnottrustingothers,wecanenduplosersOptimaloutcomeProbableoutcomePerson1ChooseAChooseBPerso