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PLC单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献可编程逻辑控制器PLC
ProgrammableLogicControllers(PLC)
1.AboutProgrammableLogicControllers(PLC)
Everyoneknowsthere’sonlyoneconstantinthetechnologyworld,andthat’schange.ThisisespeciallyevidentintheevolutionofProgrammableLogicControllers(PLC)andtheirvariedapplications.Fromtheirintroductionmorethan30yearsago,PLChasbecomethecomerstoneofhundredsofthousandsofcontrolsystemsinawiderangeofindustries.
Atheart,thePLCisanindustrializedcomputerprogrammedwithhighlyspecializedlanguages,anditcontinuestobenefitfromtechnologicaladvancesinthecomputerandinformationtechnologyworlds.Themostprominentofwhichisminiaturizationandcommunications.
ProgrammablelogiccontrollersI/Ochannelspecificationsincludetotalnumberofpoints,numberofinputsandoutputs,abilitytoexpand,andmaximumnumberofchannels. Numberofpointsisthesumoftheinputsandtheoutputs.PLCmaybespecifiedbyanypossiblecombinationofthesevalues. Expandableunitsmaybestackedorlinkedtogethertoincreasetotalcontrolcapacity. Maximumnumberofchannelsreferstothemaximumtotalnumberofinputandoutputchannelsinanexpandedsystem. PLCsystemspecificationstoconsiderincludescantime,numberofinstructions,datamemory,andprogrammemory. ScantimeisthetimerequiredbythePLCtocheckthestatesofitsinputsandoutputs. Instructionsarestandardoperations(suchasmathfunctions)availabletoPLCsoftware. Datamemoryisthecapacityfordatastorage. Programmemoryisthecapacityforcontrolsoftware.
AvailableinputsforprogrammablelogiccontrollersincludeDC,AC,analog,thermocouple,RTD,frequencyorpulse,transistor,andinterruptinputs. OutputsforPLCincludeDC,AC,relay,analog,frequencyorpulse,transistor,triac. ProgrammingoptionsforPLCincludefrontpanel,handheld,andcomputer.
Programmablelogiccontrollersuseavarietyofsoftwareprogramminglanguagesforcontrol. TheseincludeIEC61131-3,sequentialfunctionchart(SFC),functionblockdiagram(FBD),ladderdiagram(LD),structuredtext(ST),instructionlist(IL),relayladderlogic(RLL),flowchart,C,andBasic. TheIEC61131-3programmingenvironmentprovidessupportforfivelanguagesspecifiedbytheglobalstandard:
SequentialFunctionChart,FunctionBlockDiagram,LadderDiagram,StructuredText,andInstructionList.Thisallowsformulti-vendorcompatibilityandmulti-languageprogramming. SFCisagraphicallanguagethatprovidescoordinationofprogramsequences,supportingalternativesequenceselectionsandparallelsequences. FBDusesabroadfunctionlibrarytobuildcomplexproceduresinagraphicalformat.Standardmathandlogicfunctionsmaybecoordinatedwithcustomizablecommunicationandinterfacefunctions. LDisagraphiclanguagefordiscretecontrolandinterlockinglogic.ItiscompletelycompatiblewithFBDfordiscretefunctioncontrol. STisatextlanguageusedforcomplexmathematicalproceduresandcalculationslesswellsuitedtographicallanguages. ILisalow-levellanguagesimilartoassembly.code.Itisusedinrelativelysimplelogicinstructions. RelayLadderLogic(RLL),orladderdiagrams,istheprimaryprogramminglanguageforprogrammablelogiccontrollers(PLC).Ladderlogicprogrammingisagraphicalrepresentationoftheprogramdesignedtolooklikerelaylogic. FlowChartisagraphicallanguagethatdescribessequentialoperationsinacontrollersequenceorapplication.Itisusedtobuildmodular,reusablefunctionlibraries. Cisahighlevelprogramminglanguagesuitedtohandlethemostcomplexcomputation,sequential,anddataloggingtasks.ItistypicallydevelopedanddebuggedonaPC. BASICisahighlevellanguageusedtohandlemathematical,sequential,datacapturingandinterfacefunctions.
Programmablelogiccontrollerscanalsobespecifiedwithanumberofcomputerinterfaceoptions,networkspecificationsandfeatures. PLCpoweroptions,mountingoptionsandenvironmentaloperatingconditionsareallalsoimportanttoconsider.
2.INTRODUCTION
ForsimpleprogrammingtherelaymodelofthePLCissufficient.AsmorecomplexfunctionsareusedthemorecomplexVonNeumanmodelofthePLCmustbeused.AVonNeumancomputerprocessesoneinstructionatatime.Mostcomputersoperatethisway,althoughtheyappeartobedoingmanythingsatonce.ConsiderthecomputercomponentsshowninFigure1.
Figure1SimplifiedPersonalComputerArchitecture
Inputisobtainedfromthekeyboardandmouse,outputissenttothescreen,andthediskandmemoryareusedforbothinputandoutputforstorage.(Note:
thedirectionsofthesearrowsareveryimportanttoengineers,alwayspayattentiontoindicatewhereinformationisflowing.)ThisfigurecanberedrawnasinFigure2toclarifytheroleofinputsandoutputs.
Figure2AnInput-OutputOrientedArchitecture
Inthisfigurethedataenterstheleftsidethroughtheinputs.(Note:
mostengineeringdiagramshaveinputsontheleftandoutputsontheright.)IttravelsthroughbufferingcircuitsbeforeitenterstheCPU.TheCPUoutputsdatathroughothercircuits.Memoryanddisksareusedforstorageofdatathatisnotdestinedforoutput.Ifwelookatapersonalcomputerasacontroller,itiscontrollingtheuserbyoutputtingstimulionthescreen,andinputtingresponsesfromthemouseandthekeyboard.
APLCisalsoacomputercontrollingaprocess.Whenfullyintegratedintoanapplicationtheanalogiesbecome;
Inputs-thekeyboardisanalogoustoaproximityswitch.
Input-circuits-theserialinputchipislikea24Vdcinputcard.
Computer-the686CPUislikeaPLCCPUunit.
Output-circuits-agraphicscardislikeatriacoutputcard.
Outputs-amonitorislikealight.
Storage-memoryinPLCissimilartomemoriesinpersonalcomputers.
ItisalsopossibletoimplementaPLCusinganormalPersonalComputer,althoughthisisnotadvisable.InthecaseofaPLCtheinputsandoutputsaredesignedtobemorereliableandruggedforharshproductionenvironments.
3.OPERATIONSEQUENCE
AllPLChavefourbasicstagesofoperationsthatarerepeatedmanytimespersecond.Initiallywhenturnedonthefirsttimeitwillcheckitsownhardwareandsoftwareforfaults.Iftherearenoproblemsitwillcopyalltheinputandcopytheirvaluesintomemory,thisiscalledtheinputscan.Usingonlythememorycopyoftheinputstheladderlogicprogramwillbesolvedonce,thisiscalledthelogicscan.Whilesolvingtheladderlogictheoutputvaluesareonlychangedintemporarymemory.Whentheladderscanisdonetheoutputswillbeupdatedusingthetemporaryvaluesinmemory,thisiscalledtheoutputscan.ThePLCnowrestartstheprocessbystartingaselfcheckforfaults.Thisprocesstypicallyrepeats10to100timespersecondasisshowninFigure3.
Figure3PLCScanCycle
SELFTEST-Checkstoseeifallcardserrorfree,resetwatch-dogtimer,etc.(Awatchdogtimerwillcauseanerror,andshutdownthePLCifnotresetwithinashortperiodoftime-thiswouldindicatethattheladderlogicisnotbeingscannednormally).
INPUTSCAN-Readsinputvaluesfromthechipsintheinputcards,andcopiestheirvaluestomemory.ThismakesthePLCoperationfaster,andavoidscaseswhereaninputchangesfromthestarttotheendoftheprogram(e.g.,anemergencystop).TherearespecialPLCfunctionsthatreadtheinputsdirectly,andavoidtheinputtables.
LOGICSOLVE/SCAN-Basedontheinputtableinmemory,theprogramisexecuted1stepatatime,andoutputsareupdated.Thisisthefocusofthelatersections.
OUTPUTSCAN-Theoutputtableiscopiedfrommemorytotheoutputchips.Thesechipsthendrivetheoutputdevices.
Theinputandoutputscansoftenconfusethebeginner,buttheyareimportant.Theinputscantakesasnapshotoftheinputs,andsolvesthelogic.Thispreventspotentialproblemsthatmightoccurifaninputthatisusedinmultipleplacesintheladderlogicprogramchangedwhilehalfwaythroughaladderscans.Thisproblemcouldhavesevereeffectsoncomplexprogramsthataredevelopedlaterinthebook.Onesideeffectoftheinputscanisthatifachangeininputistooshortinduration,itmightfallbetweeninputscansandbemissed.
WhenthePLCisinitiallyturnedonthenormaloutputswillbeturnedoff.Thisdoesnotaffectthevaluesoftheinputs.
4.TheInputandOutputScans
WhentheinputstothePLCarescannedthephysicalinputvaluesarecopiedintomemory.WhentheoutputstoaPLCarescannedtheyarecopiedfrommemorytothephysicaloutputs.Whentheladderlogicisscanneditusesthevaluesinmemory,nottheactualinputoroutputvalues.Theprimaryreasonfordoingthisissothatifaprogramusesaninputvalueinmultipleplaces,achangeintheinputvaluewillnotinvalidatethelogic.Also,ifoutputbitswerechangedaseachbitwaschanged,insteadofallatonceattheendofthescanthePLCwouldoperatemuchslower.
5.TheLogicScan
Ladderlogicprogramsaremodelledafterrelaylogic.Inrelaylogiceachelementintheladderwillswitchasquicklyaspossible.Butinaprogramelementscanonlybeexaminesoneatatimeinafixedsequence.ConsidertheladderlogicinFigure4,theladderlogicwillbeinterpretedleft-to-right,top-to-bottom.Inthefiguretheladderlogicscanbeginsatthetoprung.Attheendoftherungitinterpretsthetopoutputfirst,thentheoutputbranchedbelowit.Onthesecondrungitsolvesbranches,beforemovingalongtheladderlogicrung.
Figure4LadderLogicExecutionSequence
Italsobecomesimportantwhenconsideringoutputusage.ConsiderFigure5,thefirstlineofladderlogicwillexamineinputA