对比语言学 柯平连淑能读书报告.docx

对比语言学 柯平连淑能读书报告.docx

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对比语言学柯平连淑能读书报告

Readingreportofcontrastivelinguistics

AsareadingreportofContrastiveLinguistics,thisessayisdividedintotwoparts.Inthefirstpart,Iwouldhaveadetailedsummaryofthisbookwhichconsistsoftwoparts.Inthesecondpart,IwillintroducesomeissuesIaminterestedin,andhaveabriefintroductionofcurrentpreviewoftheseissues.Ihopethatthisreadingreportwouldmakecontributiontothedevelopmentofrelatedstudies.

Here,Iextendmysincerethankstotheteacherofthiscourse,XiongLiqing.

Ⅰ.Detailsummaryofthisbook.

Inthissummary,Iwoulddividethewholesevenchaptersintotwoparts.Thefirstpartcontainsthefirsttwochaptersinthisbook,theremainingpartsmakeupanotherpart.

Thefirstpartintroducedbasicknowledgeofcontrastivelinguistics,andthesubjectofourstudy.

Asweallknow,linguisticsisascientificstudyoflanguage,whichexistsmainlyassocialandpsychologicalrealities.Apparently,contrastivelinguisticsisabranchoflinguistics.Wecanunderstandingitsnatureeasilybywhatitsnameindicates—“contrastive”,thatistosay,itsnatureiscomparisonswithinandbetweenlanguages.Thisbranchoflinguisticscanbedividedintotwoaxes,theoreticalvs.practical,andmicrolinguisticvs.macrolinguistic.Thedifferencebetweentheoreticalandappliedisthattheformerisbidirectional,thelaterisunidirectional.Micro-contrastivelinguisticsconcentratesonfourlinguisticlevelsofphonetics,phonology,lexisandgrammar,whilemacro-contrastivelinguisticsonlyconcernstwohigherlevels—textualandpragmatic.Thecontrastivelinguisticsexistsbecauseithasgreatimportance.

Theoreticallyspeaking,itisanindispensabletothedevelopmentoflinguistics;practicallyspeaking,itmightsolvesomelinguisticproblemswhichcannotbesolvedwithonelanguage.

Asforthehistoryofcontrastivelinguistics,itisAmericananthropologistB.L.Whorfwhofirstintroducedit,itisuntilR.LadowhopublishedthebookLinguisticsAcrossCulturesthatcontrastivelinguisticsbecameaindependentsubject,“anewfieldofappliedlinguistics”,heissued.ContrastivelinguisticsbecameanindependentsubjectinChinauntil1970s,itsdevelopmentcametoanewstagein1990s.

Sincewehaveknownthebackgroundsofthisstudy,itwouldbeanappropriatetimetoknowsomeprinciplesandproceduresofcontrastivelinguistics.

ThroughlearningofTransfer,whichisdividedintopositivetransferandnegativetransfer.

Wehavealsoknownanothertwoimportantprinciples:

（1）contrastiveanalysisisalwayspredictive,andthatthejobofdiagnosisbelongstothefieldofErrorAnalysis;

（2）contrastivelinguisticscanbeexpectedtopredicttheseerrors,butitwillnotclaimorbeabletopredicttheorder50%or60%oflearnererrors.Asforcomparisoncriteria,thesamenesscomeasconstantwhilethedifferenceasvariables.Constanthastraditionallybeenknownastertiumcomparationisinthetheoryofcontrastivelinguistics.Surfacestructureanddeepstructurearealsoquotedinthisbooktohelpuslearn,whichmightbeconsideredasacriteriaofcomparison.Sincetherearesomanydifferencesintwolanguages,weshouldpayattentiontotherealequivalenceoftranslation,bothinsurfaceanddeep.That’stosay,fortwosentencesfromdifferentlanguagestobetranslationallyequivalenttheymustconveythesamereferentialandpragmaticandinterlingualmeanings.Theprocedureofcontrastiveanalysisinvolvestwostages:

thestageofdescriptionwheneachofthetwolanguagesisdescribedontheappropriatelevel;thencomesthestageofjuxtapositionforcomparison.Aswhatissummarizedthatitwillfrequentlybenecessarytocrosshierachicallevelssincedifferentlanguagesdon’texpressthesamegrammaticalmeaninginthesamelevel.

Thesecondpartofthesummarywhichcontainstheleftfivechaptersdealswithcontrastivelinguisticsatvariouslinguisticlevels.

Inchapterthree,thebookfirstissuedwhatarephoneticsandphonology.Whatarethey?

Thephoneticsreferstothephysicalproductionofsounds,whichhastwocategoriesaccordingtowhereandhowthesoundsareproduced.Thephonologystudiesthespecificsoundsemployedindifferentlanguages.Obviously,thesetwoalsodotothecontrastivelinguistics.

Asweallknow,phoneticshas3branches,articulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandauditoryphonetics,whiletheretwoapproachestophoneticcontrastiveanalysis,thefirstisphysiologicalandthesecondisphysical.Thisbookjustwroteonenotionthatisimportanttothephonologicalcontrastiveanalysis—Functionalload.Attheendofthechapterthree,theauthorintroducedsuprasegmentalcontrastiveanalysis.Healsodealtwiththreeterms—pitch,toneandintonation.PitchisanimportantcategoryinthephonologicalsystemofChineseandEnglishsuprasegmentals.

Chapterfourisadetailedintroductionoflexicologymorphology.Inthischapter,thebooktoldthetwodivisionsoflexicalcontrastiveanalysis—contrastivelexicalmorphologyandcontrastivelexicalsemantics.Attheendofthischapter,thebooksummarizedwhichthreeareashavethelexicalcontrastiveanalysisbeenactivetoattachitsacademicandpracticableinfluences.

Weallknowthedefinitionofmorphologyandmorphemesforourpreviousstudy,aswellastheircategory.Butallthatisthebackgroundofourcurrentlearning.AcomparisonoftheconstitutionofEnglishandChinesewordstockswilltellussomethingimportant.Forexample,Chineseconsistsoftwokindsofwords：

mono-morphemicwordsandmulti-morphemicwords.Theformeraccountsfor80%ofthetotalvocabularyofmodernChinese,whiletheotheronly20%.However,derivativesandcompoundsareintheratioofabout1:

1inEnglish.ThesetwopairsoffiguresindicatethatlexicalsystemofChineseismuchmoreanalytic（isolating）thanthatofEnglish,whichismoresynthetic.

ContrastivelexicalsemanticsinthisbooktoldseveralcontrastsbetweenEnglishandChinese.First,onthebasisofmotivationofwords,thebookcametoanaturalconclusionafterthecomparisonofGerman,EnglishandChinesethatChinese,atleastthemodernChineseisaquitemarkedlymorphologicallymotivatedlanguagethanEnglish.Onthebasisofsenserelations,thebookintroducedakindofphenomenoncalledlexicalgap.Forexample,differentkindsofboiledorsteamedstuffedwheatenfoodinChinesehasdifferentname：

饺子and馄炖，butinEnglish,thereisonenameonly-dumpling.

Aswehavedealtwithderivationalmorphologyinthepreviouschapter,whatshouldbetoldaboutisinflectionalmorphologyandsyntax.Infact,thischapterisseparatedintotwoparts.First,wewillmakeabriefaccountofcontrastiveanalysisonthelevelofinflectionalmorphology.Second,wewillintroduceseverallinguisticschoolsofthepresentday.

Familiargrammaticalcategoriesorcontrastincludeaspect,case,gender,mood,number,person,tense,andvoice.Here,Ijustquotesomepointsconcludedfromthebook.

Aspect--Chinesehasadevelopedaspectsystem.LikeEnglish,itdistinguishestheperfectiveaspectfromtheprogressiveaspect

Case—typicalformalcontrastsinEuropeanlanguagesarebetweentheseveral:

thenominative,theaccusative,thedative,thegenitive,thevocative,theablative.

Gender—agrammaticaldistinctioninwhichwordsaremarkedaccordingtoadistinctionbetweenmasculine,feminineandsometimesneuter.

Mood—typicalcontrastsaremadebetweentheindicative,thesubjunctiveandtheimperative.

Number—sometime,acountablewordinChinesemaybeuncountableinEnglish.

Tense—onethingthatdistinguishesChineseverbsandEnglishverbsisthatEnglishverbsconjugatetoshowdifferenttenses,whereasChineseverbs,havingnoconjugations,butdependsonadverbstomarkthetense.

Voice—therearefourdevicesemployedbothinEnglishandChinesetoperformthesamefunctioninvoice.However,thedifferencesarestillexisted.InChinese,inflectionisusedtoindicatethelocationofanoun;whileinEnglish,itoccursonlywiththesubjectiveandtheobjectivecases,e.g.he/him.

Inthesecondpartofthischapter,thebookdiscussedthecontrastiveanalysisintheseways:

structuralistapproachesandgenerativeapproaches.Instructuralistapproaches,wecangettwoconclusionsfromthebook.First,intheICbranchingdiagram,languageisstructuredontwoaxes,ahorizontalonedelineatingconstruction-type,andaverticalonedefiningsetsofpossiblefillersforeachposition:

thesyntagmaticandparadigmaticaxesrespectively.Second,Englishusesfunctionwordscalledarticlestocarrysomecertainmeaning,whileChineseandRussianachievethesamecontraststhroughwordorder.

Last,therearesomecertainweaknessesinthestructuralistmodelthatstructuralistmodelsconfinethemselvestoobservationsaboutthesurfacestructure:

thisistherootoftheirproblems.

Inthissection,wewillconsidercontrastiveanalysisonthemodelsofTransformationalGrammaticalandCaseGrammar.AsChomskychangedhistheoryoveryears,wecangetthatgrammarisatripartitionofsyntax,semantics,andphonetics.ContrasttotheTG,somelinguisticsputforwardtheCaseGrammar,oneofthesemantics-basedmodelsforgrammaticalanalysis.CaseGrammarisatheoryofsyntaxandsemanticsinwhichnounsindeepstructuresaresaidtoberelatedtoverbsincasessuchasobject,dative,instrumental,andsoon.Oneofitsproblemsisthatsometimesitmaycauseambiguityinsentences.

Theabovefivechaptersarediscussingaboutthemicro-linguistics.Inchaptersixandchapterseven,wearegoingtostudymacro-linguisticscontrastiveanalysis.Scholarsfrommanydisciplinessearchforlargerlinguisticsunitsandstructureswiththe