跨文化交际Unit3课件.ppt
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Unit3CulturalDiversityWarmUpFriendshipsChina:
Peoplearewillingtobeindebtedandtorepaythedebtmorethanowned.U.S.:
Peoplevaluemoreindividualachievementandindependenceratherthanrelationshipwithoneanother,notwillingtoputthemselvesinothersdebt.DifferentLands,DifferentFriendshipsIneverycountrypeoplevaluefriendship.Thedifficultyisnotalackofappreciationoffriendship,butdifferentexpectationsaboutwhatconstitutesfriendshipandhowitcomesintobeing.Whoisafriend?
WhatdoesaFrenchmanmeanwhenhesays:
“Thisismygoodfriend.”“Thisismyfriend.”Whoisclosertohim?
Simpletranslationfromonelanguagetoanotherisdifficult.FriendshipsincomparisonAmericanfriendships:
superficial,casual,situationalordeepandenduringFrenchfriendships:
areofthesamesex,basicallybetweenmen;demandsakeenawarenessoftheothersintellect,temperamentandinterests;arecompartmentalize;notpartoffamilylifeGermanfriendships:
moreamatteroffeeling,havemuchtodowithfamilyEnglishfriendships:
basedonsharedactivitiesCommonElementsinFriendshipsofDifferentStylesFriendship,incontrastwithkinship,isamatteroffreechoiceThesenseofbeingaspecialindividualInevitablyakindofequalityofgive-and-takeSomeToolsforComparingandContrastingCulturesKluckhohn&StrodtbecksModel(PP.85-89)HofstedesModel(PP.99-105)HallsHigh-Context&Low-ContextCultures(PP.110-115)Kluckhohn&StrodtbecksModelFivebasicorientations:
Humannature:
good/evil?
Relationshipofmantonature:
Mansubjugatedbynature;Maninharmonywithnature;ManthemasterofnatureSenseoftime:
past,present,orfuture-orientedActivity:
being,growing,ordoingSocialrelationships:
authoritarian,group-oriented,orindividualisticHofstedesModelFivedimensions:
IndividualismversuscollectivismUncertaintyavoidancePowerdistanceMasculinityversusfemininityLong-termversusshort-termorientationIndividualismversuscollectivismThedegreetowhichaculturereliesonandhasallegiancetotheselforthegroupIndividualism:
e.g.Australia,Belgium,theNetherland,andtheU.S.Collectivism:
e.g.Guatemala,Indonesia,Pakistan,andChinaIndividualismIndividual:
primarysourceofmotivationIndependence,privacy,self,andtheall-importantIHighlyindividualistic,believingthatpeopleareonlysupposedtotakecareofthemselves,andperhapstheirimmediatefamilyDecisionmaking:
basedonwhatisgoodfortheindividual,notforthegroupDealingwithinterpersonalproblems:
confrontationalstrategiesCollectivismGroup:
themostimportantsocialunitsGroup-oriented,requiringanabsoluteloyaltytothegroupObligationstothegroup,dependenceoftheindividualonorganizationsandinstitutions,a“we”consciousness,andanemphasisonbelongingDecisionmaking:
basedonwhatisbestforthegroupDealingwithinterpersonalproblems:
avoidance,third-partyintermediaries,ortheotherface-savingtechniquesTheingroupandtheoutgroupHofstedesModelUncertaintyavoidance:
theextenttowhichtheculturefeelsthreatenedbyambiguous,uncertainsituationsandtriestoavoidthembyestablishingmorestructurePowerdistance:
thedegreetowhichtheculturebelievesthatinstitutionalandorganizationalpowershouldbedistributedunequallyandthedecisionsofthepowerholdersshouldbechallengedoracceptedMasculinityversusfemininity(achievement-nurturance):
thedegreetowhichaculturevaluessuchbehaviorsasassertivenessandtheacquisitionofwealthorcaringforothersandthequalityoflifeLong-termversusshort-termorientation:
time-orientation,apersonspointofreferenceaboutlifeandworkHallsHigh-Context&Low-ContextCulturesHigh-ContextCultures/Communicatione.g.Japanese,Chinese,KoreanculturesLow-ContextCultures/Communicatione.g.German-Swiss,German,Scandinavian,AmericanculturesHigh-ContextCommunicationorMessageMostoftheinformationisinthecontextorinternalizedintheperson;Verylittleisininthecoded,explicitpartofthemessage;Communicationpatternsofindirectverbalmode;Listeners“readbetweenthelines”toinfertheimplicitintentoftheverbalmessage;Listenersneedtoobservethenonverbalnuanccesandsubtletiesthataccompanyandenhancetheverbalmessage;StresstheimportanceofmultilayeredcontextsLow-ContextCommunicationorMessageMostoftheinformationisgivenintheexplicitcode;Thecontextorsituationplaysaminimalrole;Communicationpatternsofdirectverbalmode;Speakerssendclear,persuasivemessagethatlistenerscaneasilydecodeimplicitintentoftheverbalmessage;Stresstheimportanceofexplicitverbalmessagestoconveypersonalthoughts,opinions,andfeelings.HallsHigh-Context&Low-ContextCultures“Iloveyou.Doyouloveme?
”C:
(blushing)YouguessA:
(smiling)Iloveyoumore.你问我爱你有多深我爱你有几分你去想一想你去看一看月亮代表我的心CaseStudyANewProcedureMs.Cooper:
Thenewtrackingprocedurehasntworked,hasit?
Mr.Wong:
Thereweresomesmallproblems.Ms.Cooper:
Whoseideawasitanyway?
Mr.Wong:
We