完整word版新编简明英语语言学教程 戴伟栋版.docx

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完整word版新编简明英语语言学教程 戴伟栋版.docx

完整word版新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版

新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版

第1章导言

本章要点:

1.Thedefinitionandmainbranchesoflinguisticsstudy

语言学的定义和研究范围

2.ImportantdistinctioninLinguistic

语言学的一些重要区分

3.Thedefinitionandthedesignfeaturesoflanguage

语言的定义和识别特征

4.Functionoflanguage

语言的功能

本章考点:

语言学考点:

语言学的定义,语言学中几组重要的区别,每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义;普通语言学的主要分支及各自研究范畴;宏观语言及应用语言学的主要扥只及各自的研究范畴。

语言的考点:

语言的定义;语言的识别特征(任意性,能产性,二重性,移位性,文化传递性);语言的功能

1,Thedefinitionoflinguistics语言的定义:

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage(basedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetogeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure)

2.Thescopeoflinguistics语言学的范围

A:

micro-linguistics

Phonetics(语音学):

thestudyofthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.

Phonology(音系学):

thestudyofhowsoundsputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.(语音分布和排列的规则及音节的形式)

Morphology(形态学):

thestudyofthewayinwhichthesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.

Syntax(句法学):

thestudyofrulesinthecombinationofwordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguage.

Semantics(语义学):

thestudyofmeaning.

Pragmatics(语用学):

thestudyofthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.

B:

macro-linguistics

Sociolinguistics:

thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwiththesocietyformthecoreofthebranch.

Psycholinguistics:

thestudyoflanguageanditsrelationwithpsychology.

Appliedlinguistics:

thestudyofapplicationoflanguagetothesolutionofpracticalproblems.Narrowlyitistheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

3.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics语言学中的重要区分

A:

DescriptivevsPrescriptive描写式与规定式

Descriptive:

ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

Prescriptive:

ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhatshouldtheysayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobePrescriptive.

B:

SynchronicvsDiachronic共时性和历时性

Synchronic:

thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.

Diachronic:

thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.

C:

Speechvswriting言语和文学

Thesearemajormediaofcommunication.

D:

Languevsparole语言与言语(Saussure索緖尔)

Langue:

referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbytheallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

Parole:

referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.

E:

Competencevsperformance语言能力和语言应用(Chomsky乔姆斯基)

Competence:

referstoauser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemoftherules.

Performance:

referstotheactualuseinconcretesituations.

乔姆斯基和索绪尔的区别:

索绪尔采用的是社会学的观点,他的语言观念是社会惯例性的。

乔姆斯基从心理学角度看待语言,对他而言,语言能力是每个个体的大脑特征。

E:

TraditionalGrammarvsmodernlinguistics传统语法与现代语言学

Saussure的《CourseinGeneralLinguistics》标志着现代语言学的开端。

区别:

a:

语言学是descriptive,传统的语法是prescriptive.

b:

现代语言学认为口头语是基本的,而不是书面语。

c:

现代语言学并不强迫进入一个拉丁语为基础的框架。

4.Thedefinitionoflanguage语言的定义

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

5.Thedesignfeaturesoflanguage语言的识别特征

Thedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagecanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichdistinguishitfromanimallanguagesystem.

A:

Arbitrariness任意性

Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds.

B:

Productivity能产性

Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.

C:

Duality二重性

Twolevels:

Atthelowerorthebasiclevelisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Athigherlevel,thesoundsoflanguagecanberegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning.

D:

Displacement移位性

Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaingedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.

E:

Culturaltransmission文化传递

Languageisculturallytransmitted.

F:

Interchangeability互换性

Referstomancanbothproduceorreceivethemassages.

6.Functionsoflanguage语言的功能

A:

mainfunctions

(1)Descriptivefunction(描述):

referstoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbestatedordenied,andevenverified.

(2)Expressivefunction(表达):

referstoemotiveorattitudinalfunction,conveyinformationaboutuser’sfeelings,preferences,prejudice,andvalues.

(3)Socialfunction(社会):

referstointerpersonalfunction,servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.

Jakobson将语言功能划分六大类:

emotive,conative(意动),referential(指向),poetic(娱乐),phaticcommunication(寒暄),andmatalinguistic(元语言).

B:

macrofunctions

(1)Ideational(概念):

Itistoorganizethespeaker’sorwriter’sexperienceoftherealorimaginaryworld.

(2)Interpersonal(人际):

Itistoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.

(3)Textual:

Itistoorganizethewrittenorspokentextsinacoherentmanner,andfittheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.

注意知识点:

1.Onomatopoeicwords(拟声词)canNOTshowarbitrarynatureoflanguage.

(拟声词并不能表示语言的任意性,有些拟声词和所表达的事物是有联系的。

2.聋哑人所使用的语言也是语言。

3.语言的改变并不是任意的,而是遵循社会规律的。

4.语言是在人类出现一段时间后出现的。

第2章音位学

本章要点:

1.Speechorgans

发音器官

2.Distinction,classificationandthecriteriaofdescriptionbetweenconstantsandvowels

辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则

3.Phonemesandallophones

音位和音位变体

4.Phonologicalruleanddistinctivefeatures

音系规则和区别特征

5.Syllablestructure,stressandintonation

音节结构、重音和语调

本章考点:

语音学:

语音学的定义;发音器官的英文名称;英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类;英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音;发音语音学;听觉语音学;声学语音学;语音标记;严式标音法和宽式标音法。

音系学:

音系学的定义;音系学与语音学的区别;音素,音位,音位变体最小对立体,自由变体的定义;自由变体;音位对立分布与互补分布;区别性特征;超语段音位学;音节;重音(词重音,句子重音);音高和音调。

本章内容索引:

1.Thephonicmediumoflanguage

2.Phonetics语音学

(1)Thedefinitionofphonetics

(2)Threeresearchfields

(3)Organsofspeech

(4)Voicelesssounds

(5)Voicedsounds

(6)Orthographicrepresentationsofspeechsounds——broadandnarrowtranscriptions

(7)ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds

A:

Definition

B:

ClassificationofEnglishconsonants

C:

ClassificationofEnglishvowels

3.Phonology

(1)Relationshipbetweenphonologyandphonetics

(2)Phone,phonme

(3)Allophone

(4)Somerulesinphonology

A:

Sequentialrules

B:

Assimilationrule

C:

Deletionrule

(5)Supra-segmentalfeatures:

stress,tone,intonation

A:

stress

B:

tone

C:

intonation

1.Thephonicmediumoflanguage

2.Phonetics语音学

(1)Thedefinitionofphonetics

Phonetics:

isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumofEnglishlanguage.Itconcernswiththesoundsthatoccurintheworld’languages.

(2)Threeresearchfields三大研究领域考点名词解释

A:

Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学:

thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.

B:

Acousticphonetics声学语音学:

thestudyofphysicalproperties(特征)ofspeechsounds.

C:

Perceptualphonetics感知语音学:

referstotheperceptionofspeechsounds.

(3)Organsofspeech

Vocalorgans:

lungs,trachea(气管),throat,nose,andmouth.

(4)Voicelesssounds清音

Thesoundproducedwithoutcausingthevibrationofthevocalcords(声带).

(5)Voicedsounds浊音

Thesoundproducedwithcausingthevibrationofthevocalcords(声带).

(6)Orthographicrepresentationsofspeechsounds——broadandnarrowtranscriptions

语音正字表——宽式和严式标音

A:

Broadtranscriptions:

transcriptionwiththelettersymbolsonly(一般用于词典和教学)

B:

Narrowtranscriptions:

transcriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics(变音符号).(语言学家在语言研究中使用)

IPA:

InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(国际音标)产生于19世纪末。

(7)ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds语音的分类

A:

Definition

a:

Consonants:

soundsareproducedbyconstrictingthevocaltractatsomeplacestodivert,impedeorcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.

b:

Vowels:

soundsproducedwithoutobstruction,sonoturbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheairintheoralcavity.

B:

ClassificationofEnglishconsonants

a:

intermsofthemannersofarticulation(发音方式):

Stops(爆破音):

pbtdkg6

Fricatives(摩擦音):

/f//v//θ//ð//s//z//ʃ//ʒ/h//r/8

Affricatives(塞擦音):

/tʃ//dʒ/

Liquids(清音):

/l//r/

Nasals(鼻音):

/m,n,η/

Glides(滑音):

/wj/

b:

intermsofplaceofarticulation(发音部位)

bilabials(双唇音):

/pbmw/

labiodentals(唇齿音):

/fv/

dentals(齿音):

/ð//θ/

alveolars(齿龈音):

/tdnlrs/6

palatals(腭音):

/jʃʒtʃd/5

velars(软腭音):

/kgη/

glottal(喉音):

/h/

 

C:

ClassificationofEnglishvowels

a:

thepositionofthetoneinmouth:

front,central,back,

b:

theopennessofthemouth:

closedsemi-closedsemi-openandopen.

c:

theshapeofthelips:

roundedandunrounded

d:

thelengthofthevowels:

tenseandlaxorlongandshort

3.Phonology

(1)Relationshipbetweenphonologyandphonetics

Similarity:

Bothconcernedwiththespeechsounds.

Differences:

ApproachandFocus.

Phonetics:

generalnature,itisinterestedinallhumanlanguages.

Phonology:

howspeechsoundsformpatternsandhowsoundsconveymeanings.

 

(2)Phone,Phoneme考点

Phone:

Itisabasicunitofphoneticstudy,aminimalsoundsegmentthathumanspeechcanproduce.Butdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.

Phoneme:

Itisabasicunitofphonologicalstudy.Itisanabstractcollectionofphoneticfeatureswhichcandistinguishmeaning.

(3)Allophone:

Thedifferentrealizationsofthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledallophones.(同一个音位在不同的语音环境中的实现方式被称为音位的音位变体)

(1)complementarydistribution:

whentwoormoreallophonesofthesamephonemedonotdistinguishmeaningandoccurindifferentphoneticenvironments,thentheallophonesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.(当同一个音位的两个或两个以上的音位变体不区别意义,并且出现在不同的语音环境中,那么他们被称作处于互补分布)

(2)Freevariation:

如果两个

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