Unit 1 The world of our senses Grammar and usage 教学设计优质公开课译林版必修3精品.docx

Unit 1 The world of our senses Grammar and usage 教学设计优质公开课译林版必修3精品.docx

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Unit1TheworldofoursensesGrammarandusage教学设计优质公开课译林版必修3精品

unit1Grammarandusage教学设计

Step1:

Introductiontonounclauses

Forreference:

IntroductiontoNounClauses

Anounclauseisaclausewhichdoestheworkofanouninasentence.Itisagroupofwordscontainingasubjectandaverbofitsown.Itcanbeusedasasubject,predicatenominative,directobject,appositive,indirectobject,orobjectofthepreposition.

Usuallynounclausesbeginwiththat,what,where,when,who,whom,which,whose,how,why,whether,etc.

Examples:

Hesaidthathewouldnotcome.

Wewereallcurioustoknowwhathehaddone.

Nobodyknowswhentheregistrationwillbegin.

Weallwantedtofindoutwhothewinnerwas.

Whomtheywereincontactwithonthedayoftherobberyisofgreatinteresttothepolice.

Janeisnotsurewhichuniversitysheshouldapplyfor.

Thejudgeshadahardtimedecidingwhosepaintingwasthebest.

Howthebabyfellfromthewindowisamystery.

Theyaskedtheboywhyhehadhithisclassmate.

Whetheryoulikeitornotisnottheissue.

UsesofNounClauses

NounClausescanbeusedinthefollowingways:

a.Asthesubjectofaverb

Whyshekeptoncrying

puzzled

everyone.

nounclause

mainverb

b.Astheobject

Nobody 

knows 

howhegotinvolvedinganglandactivities

verb

nounclause

c.Asthecomplementoftheverb"tobe"orpredicative

Whatweareworriedaboutisthathemayhaveanotherheartattack.

Thequestioniswhytheycouldescapethroughthefrontdoorwhenthereweresomanyguardsthere.

 ANotetoStudents:

Therearesomecommonerrorsamongmanystudentswhentheyusenounclausesinsentences.Herearesomeoftheerrors:

1.Inversionstructurewithinthenounclause

:

Whereistheplaceisstillnotclear.

Intheaboveexample,theinversionstructureisusedinwhichthesubject（theplace）isprecededbyaverb（is）.Mistakeslikethisreflectthetendencyofstudentstomistakeinterrogativewordslikewhere,when,why,how,etc.whenusedinnounclausesforthoseusedinquestions,asin"Whereisthewallet?

”

Itshouldthereforebenotedthatthestructuralcomponentsofanounclausearetheorderofastatementor"Subject+Verb"asin:

Whatyoudoisterrible. 

Whateveryousaywillinterestusall.

However,thereisanexceptiontotherule.Oneshouldnotethatanounclausethatbeginswithwhatcanalsobeimmediatelyfollowedbyafiniteverb,withouthavingasubject,asinthefollowing:

:

Whathasbeendiscussedinthemeetingwillremainasecret.

:

Heaskedmewhatthematterwithmewas.

2.Nomainverbinthesentence

Sincenounclausesveryoftenservetoemphasizeaparticularideainasentence,manystudentstendtothinkthattheirfunctionistoemphasizeonlyandthattherearenostrictrulestofollowwhenusingthem.Thisisamisconception.Lookatthefollowingsentence:

:

Whattheylikeluxurygoods.

Intheabovesentence,thestudentmayhavethoughtthat"like"mayfunctionasthemainverbofthesentence.Since"Theylikeluxurygoods"areacompletesentence,andthat"what"isonlyanemphasizer,sothestudentmaythinkthatthesentenceiscorrect.Inthiscase,thestudenthasforgottenthatthestructuralcomponentsofanounclauseare"Subject+Verb"（asin"Whattheysay"）,andmistakentheverb"like"withinthenounclauseasthemainverbofthewholesentence,therebyproducingasentencethatdoesnothaveamainverb.

Itshouldbenotedthatalltheseinterrogativeslikewhy,who,when,how,whether...etc.,althoughtheyserveasemphasizers,beginaclausewhosestructuralcomponentsaresubjectandverb.Thismeansthattheverbinsidetheclause,inthiscasetheverb"like",cannotfunctionasthemainverbofasentence.Inthefollowingsentence,"is"isthemainverbofthesentenceand"like"isthefiniteverbwithinthenounclause.

:

Whattheylikeisluxurygoods.

3.Mistakingwhere,when,why,how,etc.fortherelativepronoun"which".

:

Iliveinabuildingwhichhas40storeys.

:

Iliveinabuildingwherehas40storeys.

Ifyoureallywanttouse"where"insteadof"which"intheabovesentence,followthestructuralruleofnounclause:

"Subject+verb":

:

Iliveinabuildingwherethereare40storeys.

Somestudentssee"which"and"where"asequivalentwhentheyareusedasrelativepronouns.Yet,"which"and"where"bearsimilarmeaningandrequiredifferentstructuralcomponentswhentheyareusedasrelativepronouns.

1.Lookatsomeexamples:

1）Atlunchtime,theradioweathermanreportedthatthemistwouldbecomeathickfogintheafternoon.

2）Shewonderedifthebuseswouldstillberunning.

3）Thetruthisthatthefogistoothickforthebustorunthatfar.

4）Whatsurprisedmemostwasthattheoldmancouldn’tseeanything.

Asyoucansee,thefunctionoftheseunderlinedsentencesarethesameasnounsornounphrasessotheyarecallednounclauses.Read1-5onpage8tolearnmoreaboutnounclauses.

2.FromPart1onpage8,youmayfindthatanounclausecanbeusedasthesubjectofasentence.Andwecallitthesubjectclause.Thewordsusedtointroducenounclausesarecalledconjunctions.Theconjunctionsarethat,whetherandwhy,etc.

Payattentiontothesentenceinwhichitisusedasanemptysubject.Sometimesitisputatthebeginningofasentenceandusedastheformalsubjectwhilethenounclauseisputattheend,becauseinEnglishpeopleusuallyputlongorcomplicateditemstowardstheendofasentence.Therefore,itcanalsobecalleda'preparatorysubject'.

（A）Itisclear/certain/likely/true/surprisingthat…

（B）Itisapity/shame/goodidea/nowonderthat…

（C）Itissaid/reported/believed/known/thought/suggestedthat…

（D）Itseems/happensthat…

e.g.:

IthappenedthatIwentoutlastnight.

ItissaidthatChinawillwinintheWorldCup.

3.InPart2,wecanseethatanounclausecanbeusedastheobjectofaverboraprepositioninasentence.Andwecallittheobjectclause.Theconjunctionsusedtointroducetheobjectclausesintheexamplesentencesarethat,if/whether,which,who,etc.

Readthetwosentencesinwhichitisusedasanemptyobject.Whenanobjectclausetogetherwithanadjectiveasanobjectcomplementisusedafterthepredicateverb,wecanuseitasanemptyobjectaftertheverbandputtheobjectclauseaftertheobjectcomplementtoavoidhavingalongerandheavierhead.Also,theclausecominglastinasentenceusuallyhasthehighest'informativevalue'inanycase.

4.WeknowfromPart3thatanounclausecanbeusedasthepredicativeafterthelinkverbbe.Andwecallitthepredicativeclause.Theconjunctionsusedtointroducethepredicativeclausesarethat,whetherandhow.

5.Lookatthefollowingexamplesontheblackboard.Payattentiontotheredpartineachsentence.

Polly,atwenty-year-oldyounglady,wasledhomebyanoldblindmaninaheavyoffog.

ThebookAbriefHistoryofTimewaswrittenbyStephenHawking,agreatscientist.

ThefactthatPollyhasn’taskedfortheman’snameispity.

Theredpartsinthethreesentencesareinapposition.Thatistosay,anoun,anounphraseoranounclauseisplacedequivalentlywithanothernounasanexplanatorypart,bothhavingthesamesyntacticrelationtotheotherelementsinthesentence.Whenanounclauseisusedinoppositiontoanoun,itiscalledtheappositiveclause.Theconjunctionusedtointroducetheappositiveclauseinthelastsentenceisthat.

FromtheexamplesinPart4,wecanseethatthenounwithanappositiveclauseisusuallyanabstractnoun,suchasnews,fact,idea,truthortheory.Anappositiveclausecanstrengthentheabstractnounwithsomedefiniteinformation.

6.Fromtheexamplesofthefiveparts,weknowwhatwordscanbeusedasconjunctionstointroducenounclauses.Putdownthewordsonyournotesbookforlaterretrieval.

conjunctionstointroducenounclauses

conjunctions:

that/whether/if

conjunctivepronouns:

what/who/which/whose/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever

conjunctiveadverbs:

where/when/why/how/wherever/whenever

7.Readthearticleonpage9toidentifyallthenounclauses,whicharethesubject,object,predicative,orappositiveclausesandpointouttheconjunctionineachclause.Andthendescribethemainideainyourownwords.

Answers（Page9）

Paragraph1

Thepossibilitythatpleasantsmellsmightreducepainhasrecentlybeensuggestedbynewresearch.（anappositiveclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.）

Paragraph2

Aspeoplebelievethatstrongsmellscanaffectthesenses,（anobjectclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.）

Paragraph3

Scientistsareinterestedinwhetherthesenseofsmellisrelatedtopainandwhethermenandwomenhavethesamesenses.（objectclauseswithwhetherusedastheconjunction.）

Now,thestudyhasprovedthatforwomen,pleasantsmellsreducepain.（anobjectclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.）

Paragraph4

Hesaysthatscientistsalreadyhavedatafrom40volunteers.（anobjectclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.）

Headdsthatthisyear,scientistswilltestanother60volunteersandwillbeinabetterpositiontoexplaintheresults.（anobjectclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.）

Paragraph5

Oneexplanationisthatwomen’ssenseofsmelldevelopedlongago,andislinkedtorecognizingthesmellofbabies.（apredicativeclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.）

Scientistsusedtobelievethatmothersrecognizedtheirchildrenbysightonly.（anobjectclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.）

Nowtheyhavestartedtobelievethatthesenseofsmellalsohelps,butwhypleasantsmellsdonotreducepai