国际贸易理论双语课件8.ppt

国际贸易理论双语课件8.ppt

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Non-tariffBarrier（NTBs）Besidestheuseoftariffstodistortthefree-tradeallocationofresources,governmentpolicymakershavebecomeveryadeptatusingother,lessvisible,formsoftradebarriers.TheseareusuallycalledNon-tariffBarriertotrade,andtheyhavebecomemoreprominentinrecentyears.Economistshavenotedthatastariffshavebeenreducedthroughmultilateraltariffnegotiationsduringthepast40years,theimpactofthisreductionmayhavebeenimportantlyoffsetbytheproliferationofNTBs.OurpurposenowistodescribesomeoftheseNTBs.ImportQuotaTheimportquotadiffersfromanimporttariffinthattheinterferencewithpricesthatcanbechargedonthedomesticmarketforanimportedgoodisindirect,notdirect.Itisindirectbecausethequotaitselfoperatesdirectlyonthequantityoftheimportinsteadofontheprice.ImportQuotaAbsoluteQuota:

theimportquotaspecifiesthatonlyacertainphysicalamountofthegoodwillbeallowedintothecountryduringthetimeperiod,usuallyoneyear.RelativeQuota:

Ifthequantityoftheimportedgoodsexceedsthespecificquota,thehigherdutywillbeimposedontherest.VoluntaryexportrestraintAnalternativetotheimportquotaisthevoluntaryexportrestraint.Itoriginatesprimarilyfrompoliticalconsideration.Animportingcountrythathasbeenpreachingthevirtuesoffreetrademaynotwanttoimposeanoutrightimportquotabecausethatimpliesalegislatedmoveawayfromfreetrade.Instead,thecountrymaychoosetonegotiateanadministrativeagreementwithaforeignsupplierwherebythatsupplieragree“voluntarily”torefrainfromsendingsomeexportstotheimpositionofanimportquotaistheVERisnotadoptedbytheexporter.GovernmentProcurementProvisionsAnobjectiveofdiscussioninrecentyears,aswellasanobjectofaninternationalcodeofbehaviorinthe1979TokyoRoundoftradenegotiations,islegislationknownasgovernmentprocurementprovisions.Ingeneral,theseprovisionsrestrictthepurchasingofforeignproductsbyhomegovernmentagencies.Forexample:

The“BuyAmerica”ActstipulatedthatfederalgovernmentagenciesmustpurchaseproductsfromhomeU.S.firmsunlessthefirmsproductpricewasmorethan6percentabovetheforeignsuppliersprice.DomesticContentProvisionsDomesticContentProvisionsattemptstoreservesomeofthevalueaddedandsomeofthesalesofproductcomponentsfordomesticsuppliers.Forexample,ThiskindofpolicywouldstipulatethatagivenpercentageifthevalueofagoodsoldintheUnitedStatesmustconsistofU.S.componentsorU.S.labor.ExportsubsidyAnexportsubsidy,whichisreallyanegativeexporttaxorapaymenttoafirmbythegovernmentwhenaunitofthegoodisexported,attemptstoincreasetheflowoftradeofacountry.Nevertheless,itdistortsthepatternoftradefromthatofthecomparative-advantagepatternand,liketaxes,interfereswiththefree-marketflowofgoodsandservicesandreducesworldwelfare.Theconditionsfortheexistenceofexportsubsidies:

Therealsubsidiesexist;Itgivesgreatimpact,damageorthreatontheindustriesofimportedcountry;Thesubsidiesandthedamagehavedirectrelationship.DumpingTheproductsaresoldwiththepricewhichislessthanthatintheimportedcountry.TheconditionsfortheexistenceofDumping:

Therealdumpingexist;Itgivesgreatimpact,damageorthreatontheindustriesofimportedcountry;Thedumpingandthedamagehavedirectrelationship.Howtoevaluatethepriceoftheimportedgoods?