新概念4新东方课堂笔记.docx
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新概念4新东方课堂笔记
Lesson55PatternsofCulture
文化的模式
文化的模式
Customhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofany
greatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeel
tobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustomhavea
wayofthinking,isbehaviouratitsmostcommonplace.Asa
matteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviourmoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions,nomatterhowaberrant.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbelief,andtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.
Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristineeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobingshecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehaviouroftheindividualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueoveragainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothevernacularofhisfamily.Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopautonomously,thefigurebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-off-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanaccommodationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehaviour.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhisculture,andbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.Everychildthatisbornintohisgroupwillsharethemwithhim,andnochildbornintooneontheoppositesideoftheglobecaneverachievethethousandthpart.Thereisnosocialproblemitismoreincumbentuponustounderstandthanthisoftheroleofcustom.Untilweareintelligentastoitslawsandvarieties,themaincomplicatingfactsofhumanlifemustremainunintelligible.
Thestudyofcustomcanbeprofitableonlyaftercertainpreliminarypropositionshavebeenaccepted,andsomeofthesepropositionshavebeenviolentlyopposed.Inthefirstplaceanyscientificstudyrequiresthattherebenopreferentialweightingofoneoranotheroftheitemsintheseriesitselectsforitsconsideration.Inallthelesscontroversialfieldslikethestudyofcactiortermitesorthenatureofnebulae,thenecessarymethodofstudyistogrouptherelevantmaterial特别说明:
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kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语(第二版第四册)Lesson55andtotakenoteofallpossiblevariantformsandconditions.Inthiswaywehavelearnedallthatweknowofthelawsofastronomy,orofthehabitsofthesocialinsects,letussay.Itisonlyinthestudyofmanhimselfthatthemajorsocialscienceshavesubstitutedthestudyofonelocalvariation,thatofWesterncivilization.
Anthropologywasbydefinitionimpossibleaslongasthesedistinctionsbetweenourselvesandtheprimitive,ourselvesandthebarbarian,ourselvesandthepagan,heldswayoverpeople'sminds.Itwasnecessaryfirsttoarriveatthatdegree,ofsophisticationwherewenolongersetourownbeliefoveragainstourneighbour'ssuperstition.Itwasnecessarytorecognizethattheseinstitutionswhicharebasedonthesamepremises,letussaythesupernatural,mustbeconsideredtogether,ourownamongtherest.
Newwordsandexpressions生词短语
awayofthinking一种想法
commonplacea.平凡的口头语common
theotherwayaround相反
aberranta.脱离常轨的,异常的;(医)变异,失常
ab-表示“偏离,脱离或离开”=irregular
normal正常——abnormal不正常;use用——abuse滥用;
(近)eccentric怪异的;straying偏离的:
astraydog野狗;goastray步入歧途
triviala.微不足道的,琐碎的triviality细节,琐事(见lesson12)
fristrate第一流A-one第一等的,第一流的;topflight最棒的;secondtonone首屈一指;secondto次于
predominanta.占优势的,起支配作用的predominacen.dominate统治地位
pre-前面的=superior,preponderate
paramount绝对重要;principal主要的;校长
manifestvt.清楚地表现illustratevi.举例说明;图解;加插图于;阐明vi.举例portray绘画
pristinea.原始的(太古年代)(lesson27)
(近)primitive原始的(一般);ancient古代的;prehistoric史前的
stereotypen.陈规(lesson5)breakthrough打破
overagainst和……相比=becomparedwith
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kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语(第二版第四册)Lesson55vernacularn.方言(和外语相比较)母语,mothertongue的变体
(近)dialect方言(在一国内)
accent口音varyfrompersontoperson因人而异
accommodationn.适应v.accommodate容纳Heaccommodateshimselftosth.
accommodationto对……适应=adaptto,adjustmentto
区别adoption采取,收养
incumbenta.义不容辞的,有责任的结构:
Itisincumbentonsb.todo…
responsible有责任的responsiblefor为……负责
propositionn.主张来源:
propose向……提议
Manproposes,Goddisposes.谋事在人,成事在天。
(近)tender投标,建议
unintelligiblea.难理解的intelligible可理解的
区别:
intellectual知识分子;intelligent聪明的
read—readable—unreadable;
comprehension—comprehensible—incomprehensible;
discern—discernable—undiscernable
preferentiala.优先的来源:
prefer
favorable有利的
Iprefergreenteatoblacktea./Iprefertogreentearatherthanblacktea.
blackcoffee=sugarfreecoffee
现在国外最流行的:
decafcoffee
controversiala.引起争论的controversyn.论争(lesson39)
cactusn.仙人掌复数形式:
cacti拉丁变形
abacus算盘—abaci(pl.);alumnus校友—alumni(pl.)
termiten.白蚁
groupvt.把……分类
varianta.不同的variationn.变化;变奏曲
易混:
various各种各样的;variety多样性
barbariann.野蛮人=savage,vandal
pagann.异教徒相信不只有一个神的人;非基督教徒者
区别heretic异教徒信邪教的人
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kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语(第二版第四册)Lesson55holdswayover支配,掌握Superstitionholdsswayovermybrain/mind.
wield挥,统治,支配(lesson40)
sway(左右)摇;shake(上下)摇;swing(绕圈)摇
premisen.前提大/小前提:
major/minorpremise
Onlyonthepremiseofequality,canwefurthernegotiate.
institutionn.惯例,风俗长期的习惯,不一定要遵守(社会风俗)
custom不同部落,种族WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.
tradition有历史遗传(可指家庭习俗)
supernaturala.超自然的
Notesonthetext课文注释
Thebasicbackgroundaboutthisauthor:
RuthBenedict(female)
Sheisafamousanthropologist.
“Culturalrelativism”文化相关论
subject(=topic,theme)
greatmoment=significance重要性
Theinnerworkingsofourownbrains…倒装句式
正常:
wefeelthe…workingstobe…宾语前置,强调宾语
workings运作(可数名词)
uniquely独特的=only
worthyof值得
commonplacea.后省略名词level
Wehaveawayofthinking.=asweview/seeit
Asamatteroffact作为一个事实而言(=infact)
Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviourmoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions,nomatterhowaberrant.非常难句型主语:
Traditionalcustom谓语:
isamass
mass大量=collection
isamass=isawhole/total
taken被动语态,“采样”,“取样”
taketheworldover=throughouttheworld
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kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语(第二版第四册)Lesson55detailed细致的astonishing=surprisingevolve进化(develop)
thepredominantrole一个主导作用
experience实践
inbelief信仰,思维活动
itmaymanifest体现
variety多样性
第二段第一句话点出主题
pristineeye原始的眼光=pure纯洁的
edite编辑
definite一定形式的,有限的
set集合
custom习俗
institution惯例
waysofthinking思维方式
probing=research,studies研究
stereotype陈规,定式
very强调
very修饰名词表示强调
havereferenceto和……有关=beconnectedwith
JohnDewey(1859-…)
“哲学思想“:
learningbydoing
inallseriousness=seriously
thepart=therole
在某一方面,用介词in
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kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语(第二版第四册)Lesson55as…as比较第一个as后面,风俗对人的影响——人对风俗的影响
第二个as后面,母语总体的词汇比例——被吸收到家庭语言中的儿语
overagainst对比,与……比较
orders=differentlevels不同层面,不同阶层
havehad虚拟
autonomouslyauto自动autonomous自治的
figure省略用法figureofspeech
nomorethan正好,恰好=just
observation观察,证明
lifehistory生平
firstandforemost=aboveall最重要,首先
accommodation适应
pattern行为模式
standard规范,标准
handdown=passon流传下来
group种族=race
borninto出生于
globe=earth
no——整体否定
culturaltransmission文化传递
itismoreincumbentuponustounderstand…插入语
until直到
asto+名词=about关于
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kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语(第二版第四册)Lesson55complicating=difficult复杂
unintelligible难以理解的
notuntil直到……才
until直到……为止
profitable有利可图的=beneficial
preliminary基本,基础=basic
havebeen的用法:
后面的动作,一定是要和前面构成一个完成,后面的完成才能引发前面的动作
violentlyopposed强烈的反对
require虚拟
weighting称重
item选择的课题,项目
oneoftheitemsoranother
inallthelesscontroversialfields…在不太令人争论的一些领域
nebulae星云
allthatweknowof……
thatweknow做all的后置定语
of做all的后置定语
socialinsects群居生活的昆虫
letussay=sotospeak
majorsocialsciences主要的社会学
substitute替换,替代
thatof作同位语
anthropology人类学
aslongas=if只要,如果
degreeofsophistication=understanding理解
setoveragainst与……对比
theseinstitutions这些习俗
指前面belief,superstition
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kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语(第二版第四册)Lesson56Lesson56TheAgeofAutomationofAutomation
Lesson56TheAgeofAutomation
自动化时代
自动化时代
Scienceandtechnologyhavecometopervadeeveryaspectofourlivesand,asaresult,societyischangingataspeedwhichisquiteunprecedented.Thereisagreattechnologicalexplosionaroundus,generatedbyscience.Thisexplosionisalreadyfreeingvastnumbersofpeoplefromtheirtraditionalbondagetonature,andnowatlastwehaveitinourpowertofreemankindonceandforallfromthefearwhichisbasedonwant.Now,forthefirsttime,mancanreasonablybegintothinkthatlifecanbesomethingmorethanagrimstruggleforsurvival.Buteventoday,inspiteofthehighstandardoflivingwhichhasbecomegeneralinthemorefortunateWest,themajorityofpeopleintheworldstillspendnearlyalltheirtimeandenergyinanever-endingstrugglewithnaturetosecurethefoodandsheltertheyneed.Eveninthiselementaryeffortmillionsofhumanbeingseachyeardieunnecessarilyandwastefullyfromhunger,disease,orflood.
Ye