土地资源管理专业 论文外文文献及译文.docx

土地资源管理专业 论文外文文献及译文.docx

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土地资源管理专业论文外文文献及译文

土地资源管理

本科毕业论文

外文文献及译文

文献题目：

RuralandUrbanLandDevelopmentandLandTenureSystems：

AComparisonbetweenSouthAfricaandBotswana

外文文献:

RURALANDURBANLANDDEVELOPMENTANDLANDTENURESYSTEMS：

ACOMPARISONBETWEENSOUTHAFRICAANDBOTSWANA

SusanBouillon

LegalAdvisor：

CityCouncilofPretoria

INTRODUCTION

FranklinD。

Rooseveltoncesaidthat‘Everypersonwhoinvestsinlandnearagrowingcity，adoptsthesurestandsafestmethodofbecomingindependent,forlandisthebasisofwealth。

’

ThepurposeofthispaperistodiscusstheruralandurbanlanddevelopmentandlandtenuresystemsofSouthAfricaandBotswana,andtoexplaintheircontributionstourbansustainability.

DEVELOPMENTPLANNINGINBOTSWANA

BotswanaislocatedatthecentreoftheSouthAfricanplateau,andisborderedbySouthAfricaonthesouthandsoutheast,ZimbabweonthenortheastandNamibiaonthewestandnorthwest.Approximately23％ofthepopulationisinurbanareasand77％inruralareas。

Botswanahasarichtribalculture，andthereforeitisnotsurprisingthattheBotswanalegalsystemconsistsoflocaltribalcourts，whichadjudicatetraditionalmattersandTribalLandBoards,whichruleonlandusemattersintriballandsandtraditionalvillages.TownCouncilsruleonlandusemattersinurbanareas。

ThegovernmentofBotswanahasadoptedasystemofdevelopmentplanningwhichhascopedrelativelywellcomparedwithotherAfricancountries.Developmentplanninginvolvesthepreparationoflanduseplansforbothurbanandruralareas.ThepracticeinBotswanaisthatthepublicismadeawareoftheimplicationsoflanduseplansbeforelandiszonedforvarioususes。

Publicawarenessandparticipationisensuredbygivinglandusersanopportunitytoselectpreferredlanduseoptionsfromarangeofoptionsdeterminedthroughtheevaluationofphysicalandeconomicsuitabilityoflandresources（bottom-upapproach）。

PROPERTYRIGHTSANDLANDTENUREINBOTSWANA

ItisthepolicyoftheGovernmentthatallcitizensshouldhaveeasyandequalaccesstoland。

Inordertorealizethis,threelandtenuresystemshavebeenputinplace.Triballandcovers71%ofthetotallandareaofthecountry.Itisallocatedtocitizensfreeofchargeforalltypesofuses。

Statelandisownedbythestateandcomprises23％ofthetotalarea.MostofthislandisusedasNationalParks，orForestandGameReserveswithinwhichnosettlementsarepermitted.However，asmallpercentageofthislandisallocatedforresidentialpurposes，particularlyinurbancenters.Freeholdlandcomprisesonly6%ofthetotalareaandisprivatelyowned.Mostofthegovernmentpoliciestodatearethereforedirectedattriballand.

RURALLAND

Priortoindependence,Botswanahadestablishedtraditionalwaysofallocatingandmanagingtriballandanditsresourcesthroughchiefsandcommunities.Soonafterindependence，theauthoritytoallocatetriballandwasshiftedfromthechiefstotheTribalLandBoardswhichwereestablishedbytheTribalLandAct，butthemanagementoftheresourcesremainstheresponsibilityoftheusersandtheircommunities。

Accordingtothisact，almost71％oftheavailablelandisadministeredastriballandaccordingtoanintegratedsystemofcustomarylandtenure.Althoughthetenurialrulesfortriballandhavebeenchangedconsiderablybythisact，itisconsideredaveryinnovativewaytocombineindividuallandtenuresecuritywithtriballand-use。

TheLandBoardswereestablishedforaspecifiedtribalterritory,andtookovertheadministrativefunctionsfromchiefsandothertribalauthorities。

TitleofthelandvestedintheLandBoards。

TheLandBoardswereinitiallyentitledtomakecustomaryandcommonlawgrants,forresidential,grazingorcultivationpurposes，tomembersofthedifferenttribeslivinginthespecifiedterritoriesonly，butsince1993anycitizenofBotswanaisentitledtoapplyfortheserights.LandBoardsmaintaintheirownrecordorregistrationsystemandrightsarenotregisteredinthecentraldeedsregistrationsystemofBotswana,apparentlytokeepthemmoreaffordable。

TheLandBoardsareentitledtoissuecertificatesofcustomarygrantsorcertificatesofoccupation.Provisionhasbeenmadefortheconversionofthesecertificatesintotitlesregistrableinthedeedsregistryoncedemandarisestodealwiththesecertificatesinthecommerciallendingmarket。

Anychangeinright-holdermustbereportedtothelandboardinordertomaintaintheaccuracyoftherecordsystemofthelandboard.Shelterprovisioninruralareashasbeenonindividualsinitiatives.Themostimportantprerequisiteforhousingdevelopment,whichisaccesstoland，hasnotreallybeenadisturbingissueduetothefactthatallmaleandfemalecitizensareallocatedtriballandforfree，butinanefforttofacilitateshelterprovisioninruralareas,thegovernmentintendstointroducearuralhousingprogramme.

LanduseplanningisnotanewphenomenoninBotswana。

Pastexperiencesandrecordsindicatethatthetraditionalchiefswhohadauthorityonlandhavealwaysdonesomeformoflanduseplanning.FormallanduseplanninginBotswanastartedwiththeimplementationoftheTribalGrazingLandPolicyin1975,whensomeareaswerezonedforwildlifeuse,othersbecamereservedareas,whileotherareascontinuedtobeforcommunaluse。

Thispolicyenabledindividualsorgroupstohaveexclusiveuseoflandinareaszonedforsuchuse。

Theserightsarepermanent,exclusionaryandinheritable.Theymayonlyberevokedbythelandboardincircumstanceswheretheright—holderfailstoutilizethelandontermsspecifiedbythelandboard,orfailstodevelopthelandaccordingtothespecifiedpurposeswithinfiveyearsorwherethelandwasnotdistributedfairly。

Intheseinstances，thelanddoesnotreverttothegovernmentbutisreallocatedbythelandboardtootherapplicants。

Thispolicywasthereforeamajorprogrammethroughwhichruraldevelopmentwastobeachieved.

Thedistrictsuptonowcontinuetoprepareandupdatetheirrespectiveintegratedlanduseplans.Inthepreparationofsuchplansthecommunitieshavemajorinputswithregardtothevariouslanduses。

Thisisinrealizationofthefactthattohaveanimplementableandsustainablelanduseplan，thecommunitiesshouldbetheoneswhodecidetheusesonaparticulartypeofland.Itshouldbenoted，however,thatnotalldistrictshavesuchplans.

URBANLAND

AnurbancentreinBotswanaisdefinedasAllsettlementsonstatelandandsettlementsontriballandwithapopulationof5000ormorepersonswithatleast75%ofthelaborforceinnon-agriculturaloccupations.Generally，anurbancentreshouldbeseentoprovideitspopulationwithinfra-structuralandenvironmentalservicessimilartothatwhichexistsinamoderncity。

Rural-urbanmigrationhasplayedanimportantroleinthegrowthofurbanareas。

Severalurbandevelopmentpolicieshavebeenevolvedovertheyearstoguidethegrowthanddevelopmentoftheurbanareas.DuetothefactthatalargepartofthepeopleofBotswanaarelivinginruralareas，mostofthedevelopmentisaimedattheruralareas,butafewprogrammeswereintroducedinordertobetterthecircumstancesofthoselivinginurbanareas。

TheSelfHelpHousingProgrammewasintroducedtoassistthelowincomeurbanhouseholdstodeveloptheirownhouses。

Underthisscheme，theGovernmentprovidesbasicservicessuchasroads,waterstandpipes,andapit-latrinetoeachplot.PlotholdersweregiventenurialsecuritythroughaCertificateofRights。

Thisprogrammehasalsobeenusedinupgradingthesquattersettlementswhichexistedpriortoitsinception.

Shortageofservicedlandhasbeenidentifiedasoneofthemajorconstraintstourbanhousingdevelopment.Thereforeamajorlandservicingprogramme,theAcceleratedLandServicingProgramme,wasintroduced.Theobjectiveoftheprogrammewastoservicelandforalluses,suchasresidential,commercialandindustrial，inallurbanareas.AHousingDepartmenthasbeenestablished,whichischargedwiththeresponsibilityofpromotinghousingdevelopmentandimprovementthroughpolicyinitiativesthatcreateanenablingenvironmentforshelterprovision。

TheTownandCountryPlanningAct,whichisthemainlegislationguidingphysicalplanninginBotswana，makesprovisionsforanorderlyandprogressivedevelopmentandcontroloflandinbothurbanandruralareas.TheUrbanDevelopmentStandardsandtheDevelopmentControlCodealsofacilitatetheorderlyplanningofsettlements。

Sustainableurbandevelopmentdependsontheavailabilityofcleanwatersupplyandprovisionofinfrastructureforsanitationandwastemanagement。

Anintegratedapproachintheprovisionofenvironmentallysoundinfrastructuresinhumansettlementsisseenasaninvestmentthatfosterssustainabledevelopmentandthatcanimprovethequalityoflife，increaseproductivity,improvehealth,andreducepoverty。

Althoughtheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentgainedprominenceontheinternationalsceneonlyafewyearsback,ithasbeenoneoftheobjectivesofdevelopmentplanninginBotswanasinceindependencein1966.Thetermhasappearedasanobjectiveinallthesubsequentdevelopmentplans,butitsmeaninghasbeenexpandedtoreflectthechangingdevelopmentrealitiesovertheyears.

LANDDEVELOPMENTINSOUTHAFRICA

TheshapeandformofthecitiesinSouthAfricaaretheresultofconsciousapartheidplanninginthepast。

WhenSouthAfrica’sfirstdemocraticallyelectedgovernmentcameintopowerin1994,itinheritedthefragmented,unequalandincoherentplanningsystemswhichdevelopedunderapartheid.Duringapartheid,landdevelopmentplanninginthethenfourprovinces,tenhomelandsan