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替代.docx

替代

省略与替代

(一)并列句中的省略

在并列句中,第二分句(或第三、第四分句)往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。

如:

Somebooksaretobetasted,others(are)tobeswallowed,andsomefew(are)tobechewedanddigested.

(二)简单句中的省略

1.省略主语

1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。

如:

(You)Beseated,please.

2)其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。

如:

(I)Thankyouforyourhelp.(谢谢你的帮助。

(It)Doesn’tmatter.(没关系。

2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。

如:

(Thereis)Nosmoking.(禁止吸烟。

(Isthere)Anythingelse?

(还有其他事吗?

(Youcome)Thisway,please.(请这边走)。

(Willyou)Haveasmoke?

(吸支烟?

What(doyou)thinkaboutacupoftea?

(来一杯怎么样?

Why(doyou)notsayhellotohim?

(为什么不和他说声再见呢?

3.省略宾语。

如:

—DoyouknowMissGao?

(你认识高小姐吗?

—Idon’tknow(her).(我不认识。

—Whichofthemisthebetterchoice?

(他们中谁是更合适的人选?

—Well,it’shardtotell(it).(哟,这很难说。

4.省略表语。

如:

—Areyouthirsty?

(你渴吗?

—Yes,Iam(thirsty).(是的,我渴。

5.同时省略几个成分。

如:

—Areyoufeelingbetternow?

(你觉得好些吗?

—(Iamfeeling)Muchbetter(now).(好多了。

—Haveyoufinishedyourwork?

(你完成工作了吗?

—(Ihave)Not(finishedmywork)yet.(还没有。

(Iwish)Goodluck(toyou)!

(祝你顺利!

6.其他一些省略结构

1)名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。

如:

WespenttheweekendattheBlacks’.

2)what和how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语it和be动词。

如:

Whatawonderfulvictory(itis)forWilma!

Howwonderful(itwas)tobetreatedlikeanormalchild,evenwhenIwasbad.

3)不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号to。

①代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在beafraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,wand,wish等后边。

如:

Iaskedhimtoseethefilm,buthedidn’twantto.

②在have,need,ought,begoing,,used等后。

如:

Ididn’twanttogothere,butIhadto.

③在某些形容词glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后,如:

—Willyoujoininthegame?

—I’dbegladto.

④否定形式的省略用notto。

如:

—ShallIgoinsteadofhim?

—Iprefernotto.

⑤如果不定式中含有be,have,havebeen,通常保留be,have和havebeen。

如:

—Areyouasailor?

—No,butIusedtobe.

—Hehasn’tfinishedyet.

—Well,heoughttohave.

 

(三)复合句中的省略

1.定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略;当先行词是time,reason,place时作状语的关系副词when,why,where也可以省去。

如:

Thisisthefirsttime(when)hehadtroublewiththeboss.

2.当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时,可以把重复的内容省去,而保留wh-疑问词。

如:

Tomwassad,butIdon’tknowwhy(hewassad).

3.状语从句中的省略现象

一般来说,省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中:

由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由if,unless,whether等引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,evenif,whatever等引导的让步状语从句,由as,than引导的让步状语从句;由as,asif,asthough方式状语从句。

上述状语从句在省略时,并不是任何成分都可以省略,而是遵循一定的原则:

1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:

①连词(as,asif,once)+名词

Once(hewas)ateacher,henowworksinagovernmentoffice.

②连词(though,whether,when)+形容词

Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryou’llregret.

③连词(whether,asif,while)+介词短语

Helookedeverywhereasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.

④连词(when,while,though)+现在分词

While(Iwas)walkingalongthestreet,Iheardmynamecalled.

⑤连词(when,if,evenif,unless,once,until,than,as)+过去分词

Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan(itwas)expected.

⑥连词(asif,asthough)+不定式

Heopenedhislipsasif(hewere)tospeak.

注意:

当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略:

Herfathertoldhertobecarefulwhen(shewas)crossingthestreet.

2)当从句中的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系统动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。

此时构成连词(if,unless,when,whenever)+形容词的结构。

如:

Unless(itis)necessary,you’dbetternotrefertothedictionary.

另外,我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容,此时可有if+so/not省略句式。

Getupearlytomorrow.Ifnot(youdon’tgetupearly),youwillmissthefirstbus.

Hemaynotbeathomethen,ifso(heisnotathome),leavehimanote.

 

替代

(一)so和not作替代词,代替被省略的某个词、词组或句子,一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用,作beafraid,believe,become,all,do,expect,fear,hope,imagine,say,see,speak,suppose,think等的宾语。

Not代替否定的句子,还可放在perhaps,probably,absolutely等副词后。

如:

Shewasnotangryatfirst,butbecameso(=angry)afterawhile.

—Ishethebeststudentintheclass?

—Ithinkso(=Heisbeststudentintheclass.)

—Ithinknot(=Heisnotthebeststudentintheclass).

(二)替代的应用

1.So可以放在句首或句尾,但若谓语动词是see,notice,hear等,则只能放在句首。

如:

Ibelieve(say,think…)so.=SoIbelieve(say,think…).

—Heisabsenttoday.

—SoIsee(hear,notice).

2.在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。

如:

误:

Idoubtso.

正:

Idoubtit.

3.在ask和know之后也不用so。

如:

误:

Whydoyouaskso?

正:

Whydoyouaskthat?

4.doso一般只用替代动态动词,不替代静态动词。

如:

Shesaidshewouldgowithme,butshedidn’tdoso.

—Alicefeelsbettertoday.

—Ithinkshedoes.

—Soshedoes.

但不可说:

Ithinkshedoesso.

基础训练 

1.(2003春季全国高考题)Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif________whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.

A.seeing  B.having  

C.tohaveseen D.tosee

2.(2002全国高考题)Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,________Iwillalwaystreasure.

A.that   B.one    C.it    D.what

3.Ioftenthinkofmychildhood,during________Ilivedonmyuncle’sfarm.

A.whichB.whenC.whereD.who

4.—MayIhelpyouwithsomeshoes,sir?

—Yes,I’dliketotryonthosewhite________.

A.oneB.onesC.twoD.pair

5.Herearefourchoices,whichdoyouthinkisthebest________?

A.choicesB.thatC.onesD./

6.—What’sthedifferencebetweenthefirsthouseandthesecond?

—Thefirstonehasagaragewhilethesecondhas________.

A.nothingB.noneC.nooneD.neither

7.—HaveyoueverbeentoShanghai?

—________.

A.NotyetB.Haven’t

C.YetnotD.Stillnot

8.—Don’tforgettocometomybirthdayparty.

—________.

A.Idon’tB.Iwon’t

C.Idon’tforgetD.Iwon’tforget

9.—Besuretogetupearliertomorrowmorning.

—________.I’llbeasearlyasabird.

A.OK.IwillB.I’mafraid1can

C.OfcoursenotD.No,Iwill

10.—What’sthematterwithyou?

—Ididn’tpassthetest,but1still________

A.hopesoB.hopeto

C.hopeitD.hopethat

11.—Isshereallyill?

—________.She’sinhospital.

A.IhopesoB.I’msure

C.1don’tthinksoD.I’mafraidso

12.Iamhappyifyou________.

A.happyB.areC.willD.be

13.—Isayitisyourturntobeondutytoday.

—________?

A.MineB.IC.MyselfD.Me

14.Don’tcomeinunless________.

A.invitingB.invitingto

C.invitedtoD.beinginvitedto

15.—Iusuallygotherebytrain.

—Whynot________byboatforachange?

A.totrygoingB.trytogo

C.totryandgoD.trygoing

16.Thedoctordidwhathecould________theboy,butinvain.

A.saveB.tosave

C.savingD.saved

17.Hespentmostofhissparetime________novels.

A.toreadB.reading

C.toreadingD.forreading

18.Allthegirlwant________dois________stayathomeandstudyhard.

A./;toB.to;to

C.to;/D.eitherBorC

19.—Whydidyoutakeataxi?

—I________.Iwaslate.

A.havetoB.havetodo

C.hadtoD.hadtodo

20.—Whydidn’tyoudoyourhomeworkyesterday?

—But________,sir.

A.IdidsoB.Ididn’tdoit

C.Ididn’tforgetD.Ididdoit

21.Heisveryfamoushere,sowehadnotrouble________himyesterday.

A.tofindB.finding

C.foundD.infounding

22.—Howoftendotheygivetheconcert?

—________.

A.FortwiceamonthB.Intwiceamonth

C.TwiceamonthD.Twicemonth

23.Heisnot________hissister,but________.

A.tallerthan;strongerB.sotallas;strong

C.tallerthan;isstrongerD.astallas;stronger

24.—Youlookhappytoday,Mary.

—IlikemynewdressandMother________,too.

A.likesB.doesC.isD.do

25.—WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?

—________hernewbicycle.

A.AsshelostB.Lost

C.LosingD.Becauseoflosing

26.—Who’sgotallmymoney?

—He________.

A.doesB.isC.wasD.has

27.Thechildrenaremade________twelvehoursaday.

A.toworkB.workC.workingD.worked

28.Weoftenhearhim________Englishsongs.

A.tosingB.sing

C.singingD.tobesinging

29.I’mverybusypreparingfortheexam,soIcan’thelp________thehousework.

A.doingB.doC.didD.done

30.Whatdoctorscandois________people’slife.

A.saveB.savingC.tosaveD.AorC

31.Although________tostop,hekeptonworking.

A.tellB.toldC.wastoldD.havingtold

32.Askhimtotakeyouhome________possible.

A.atB.whileC.ifD.ifthey

33.TheEnglishbookforkidsisthebestofitskind________.

A.thathaseverbeenmadeB.evermade

C.everbeenmadeD.haseverbeenmade

34.—WillSusanwintheNobelPrizethistime?

—Itislikelythatshe________.

A.willB.doesC.willdoD.winsit

35.IprefertheclimateofKunmingto________ofWuhan.

A.itB.oneC.thisD.that

36.—Mr.Blackhasjustarrived.

—Really?

________.Hedidn’tacceptourinvitation.

A.Ican’timagineitB.1don’tthinkso

C.IhopesoD.Idon’tbelievehim

37.Theyliveonabusymainroad.________mustbeverynoisy.

A.ThereB.ItC.ThatD.They

38.Wedon’tgotothecinemaasmuchas________.

A.weusedtogoB.weusedtodo

C.usedtoD.weusedto

39.Canadahasalargeareathan________China.

A.thatofB.theoneof

C.itofD./

40.________,I’llhavealettersenttoyourcompany.

A.IfnecessaryB.Ifitwerenecessary

C.AsI’mnecessaryD.Unlessitisnecessary

41.—ShallIinviteMiketomyparty?

—Yes,itwillbeniceifyou________.

A.doB.doinvite

C.areD.invite

42.—Haveyoubeenherelong?

—________.

A.No,notveryB.Notmuch

C.Yes,onlylittleD.No,onlyyesterday

43.—Doyoufollowme?

—Yes,________.

A.itisgood B.Iwill

C.perfectlyD.verygood

44.Lookoutforcars________thestreet.

A.whencrossedB.whencrossing

C.ifyoucrossedD.whileyouarecrossing

45.Sheworkedveryhard________stillratherpoorinhealth.

A.thoughsheB.althoughshe

C.thoughD.althoughwas

46.—Isthestampveryunusual?

—________.

A.Yes,verymuchB.Yes,itisso

C.Yes,veryD.Yes,notvery

47.—Canyouclimbthattree,mybo

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