Comparison of the Lost Generation and the Beat Generation.docx

Comparison of the Lost Generation and the Beat Generation.docx

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ComparisonoftheLostGenerationandtheBeatGeneration

“迷茫的一代”与“垮掉的一代”的对比—以海明威与凯鲁亚克的小说为例

Comparisonof“theLostGeneration”and“theBeatGeneration”---AnalysisfromNovelsofHemingwayandKerouac

Abstract:

TheLostGenerationandtheBeatGenerationaretwodifferentschoolsofliteraturemovements,whichappearedindifferentperiods.OneoccurredintheFirstWorldWar,theotherintheSecondWorldWar.Thesetwoholddifferentviewsandliteralthoughts.Thesetwoschoolshavedifferentrepresentativesandusevariousstylestoadvocatefortheirownage.HemingwayandhisnovelTheSunAlsoRises,spokefortheLostGeneration;KerouacandhisbookOntheRoad,spokefortheBeatGeneration,whichvividlyshowedwhatthelifewaslikeafterthewars,andhowterribletheinfluencesbroughttothetwogenerations.BothofthetwowritersweremythintheirowntimeandalsomythinAmericanliterature.ThisessaycomparedtheLostGenerationandtheBeatGenerationbyanalyzingtwoimportantworksoftheirtimes，aimingatlettingthereadersknowfurtheraboutthetwogenerations.

Keywords:

TheSunAlsoRises;OntheRoad;LostGeneration;BeatGeneration

摘要：

“迷茫的一代”与“垮掉的一代”是发生在不同时期的两次文学运动的不同流派。

“迷茫的一代”出现于第一次世界大战，而“垮掉的一代”则出现在第二次世界大战。

这两个文学运动的代表作家持有不同的观点，不同的文学思潮。

它们各自有各自的代表，并且他们的代表作家使用不同的写作风格来代言他们自己的时代。

海明威与他的小说《太阳照常升起》为“迷茫的一代”代言；而凯鲁亚克与他《在路上》则成为了“垮掉的一代”的代言。

这两位作家的作品生动逼真地展现了战后的生活，以及战争带给两代人那些可怕糟糕的影响。

这两位作家都是他们时代的神话，同时也是美国文学史上的神话。

本论文通过分析两时期的两部作品，对迷茫的一代以及垮掉的一代进行比较，旨在让读者近一步地了解迷茫的一代和垮掉的一代。

关键词：

《太阳照常升起》；《在路上》；迷茫的一代；垮掉的一代

Contents

I.Introduction…………………………………………...……………....1

II.IntroductiontotheAuthorandWorks…………………………….1

A.ErnestHemingwayandtheSunAlsoRises…………………………..……..1

1.ErnestHemingway…………………………………………………….......1

2.TheSunAlsoRises………………………………………………………....2

B.JackKerouacandOntheRoad……………………………………………....3

1.JackKerouac……………………………………………………………....4

2.OntheRoad………………………………………………………..……....4

III.IntroductiontotheLostGenerationandtheBeatGeneration….5

A.TheLostGeneration………………………………………………................5

B.TheBeatGeneration……………………………………………....................6

IV.Embodimentsofthe“twogenerations”inthenovels………….....6

A.TheembodimentoftheLostGenerationintheSunAlsoRises……….…...6

B.TheembodimentoftheBeatGenerationinOntheRoad………………......7

V.TheComparisonoftheLostGenerationandBeatGeneration.......8

A.TheSimilarities………………………………………………………..............8

B.TheDifferences………………………………………………………..............9

1.Thetimeandbackgrounds………………………………………..............9

2.Theviews…………………………………………………………..……..10

3.Theinfluencesandsignificances…………………………………..........10

VI．Conclusion………………………………………………………...11

WorksCited

I.Introduction

Asisknowntoall,timesawtwoworldwarsbreakoutinevitably,whichbringsallwalksoflifeendlessdamagesandsorrowsinvariousaspects,suchasinsociallife,economy,culture,etc.Theseinfluencesalsoplayimportantrolesinliterature.InAmericanliterature,thesetwogreatwarsappearasapowerfulwitchcraft,whohadwavedhisstickandthewholeworldchanged.TothosewhoarefamiliarwithAmericanliterature,HemingwayandKerouacarenotstrange.Theywerealloutstandingwritersoftheirage.HemingwayappearsduringtheFirstWorldWarandKerouacappearsduringtheSecondWorldWar.Theywerealsothespokesmenofdifferentschoolsofliterature.HemingwayisthespokesmanoftheLostGeneration,andKerouacisthespokesmanoftheBeatGeneration.TheSunAlsoRisesandOntheRoadaremasterpiecesofthetwoauthors.

TheLostGenerationandTheBeatGenerationappearedaftertheWorldWarIandWorldWarIIinthe20thcenturyrespectively,eventhoughthetwoschoolsofliteraturecameforthindifferentperiodoftimeinhistory,differentculturalbackgroundandeventheresponsesofthecriticalfieldofliteraturearedifferent.Butwhenweputthetwoschoolsbackintheirownperiod,comparedandanalyzedfromthetimebackground,realisticsituation,baseofthoughtsandthewayofdevelopment,wewillfindthatthetwohavethecommonthemeofrebellion,thatis,rebellionofthemain-streamofvalue,expressionofthefeelingsofindividualtoarousetheattentionofthewholesocietywithabnormalways.Meanwhile,whenweputthecomparisonoftheLostGenerationandtheBeatGenerationintothedevelopmentofAmericanliterature,wecaneasilydigoutthespiritualessenceswhichcomedowninonecontinuousline,thatis,pursuitoffreedomanddependenceofAmericanspirit.

II.IntroductiontotheAuthorandWorks

A.ErnestHemingwayandTheSunAlsoRises

1.ErnestHemingway

ErnestHemingway（1899—1961）wasborninOakPark,Illinois.Asaboy,Hemingwaylikedboxingandfootballandwrotelightverseandhumorousstories.Afterleavinghighschoolheworkedforafewmonthsasareporter,beforeleavingfortheItalianfronttobecomeanambulancedriverduringWorldWarI,whichbecamethebasisforhisnovelAFarewelltoArms.Hewasseriouslywoundedandreturnedhomewithintheyear.In1922HemingwaymarriedHadleyRichardson,thefirstofhisfourwives,andthecouplemovedtoParis,whereheworkedasaforeigncorrespondent.Duringhistimetherehemetandwasinfluencedbymodernistwritersandartistsofthe1920sexpatriatecommunityknownasthe"LostGeneration".Hisfirstnovel,TheSunAlsoRises,waswrittenin1924,anditwasthisbookthatestablishedthereputationofHemingwayinAmericanliterature.

AfterdivorcingHadleyRichardsonin1927HemingwaymarriedPaulinePfeiffer;theydivorcedfollowingHemingway'sreturnfromcoveringtheSpanishCivilWar,afterwhichhewroteForWhomtheBellTolls.MarthaGellhornbecamehisthirdwifein1940,butheleftherforMaryWelshHemingwayafterWorldWarII,duringwhichhewaspresentatD-DayandtheliberationofParis.

ShortlyafterthepublicationofTheOldManandtheSeain1952HemingwaywentonsafaritoAfrica,wherehewasalmostkilledinaplanecrashthatlefthiminpainorill-healthformuchoftherestofhislife.HemingwayhadpermanentresidencesinKeyWest,Florida,andCubaduringthe1930sand40s,butin1959hemovedfromCubatoIdaho,wherehecommittedsuicideinthesummerof1961.

Hemingwayhimselfwasreallya“toughguy”,hesufferedalotinthewar,tohimallhehadexperiencedwereinsignificant,whathecaredmostwasthedignityofman.Heusedshortsentencesandparagraphs,positivelanguages,specificdetailscreatedthemostpowerfulmeaning.

2.TheSunAlsoRises

TheSunAlsoRisesisthefirstnovelthatHemingwayinditedin1926,andestablishedhisreputationinAmericanliterature.Withthepublicationofthisbook,HemingwaybecamethespokesmanforwhatGertrudeSteinhadcalled“YouareallaLostGeneration”.Andinthisnovel,ittellsastoryaboutJackBarnes.Theprotagonist,anexpatriatejournalistinhismid-20swholivesinParis，woundedandmadesexuallyimpotentinthewar,foundlifeanightmare.Thewarmadehimloseallthedreamsandgoalsoflife.Helovedhisgirlfriend,BrettAshley,aremarriedwomanwhohashadseveralloveaffairssincethewar，buthecouldgivehernohappiness.Helivedaloneinanothercountry,tastingthebitterness.Hefeltthewholelifewasundercutanddefeated,buthehadnochoice.Hecouldonlybearallthese,andtriedeverythingtolivelikeanormalperson.Hehelpedhisfriendscheerupandbuildasoundlifeorder.Herealizedthattheonlystrengthtoliveonwithanydignitycomesnowherebuthimself.Barnesgraduallyrealizedthatlifewascruelanddespair,butonemustrelyonhisowntofacethefate.ThefamousAmericancritic,EdmundWilsononcesaidthatamongthenovelsofHemingway’sgeneration,theSunAlsoRisesisnodoubtthebestone.

ThetitleTheSunAlsoRises,isquotedfromtheBible,“Thesunrisesandthesungoesdown,andhurriestotheplacewhereitrises”（Ecclesiastes1048）.Itdescribedaworldwhereeverythingwasempty,andallisvanity,peoplegainednothingfromallthetoil,justlikethesunrisesandgoesdown,nochangeornovelty.

SomecriticssaidthatTheSunAlsoRisesvividlydescribedthementalstateof“theLostGeneration”aftertheFirstWorldWar.Theoldvalueswereoutofdate,andthenewoneswerenotbeenformed,sothesemenweretryinghardtostruggleintheendlessshadowiness,andtheyfeltcompletelyconfused.Theirtryingshowedthattheyunderstoodthesituationandknewwhatdirectiontheyshouldgo.SomecharactersinthenoveloncebelievedthattheFirstWorldWarwouldbethelastwarthatoccurred,awarthatwouldsavedemocracyoftheworld.Theywerefullof“supreme”dreamsandpassion,goingtothefront.Butwhatthewarbroughttothemwereendlessdespairanddisillusionment.

TheSunAlsoRises,thoughnotabestseller,becomesasymbolforanage.JackBarnes,RobertCohn,andBrettAshleyareseenwanderingpointlesslyandrestlessly,enjoyingthingslikefishing,swimming,bullfightingandbeautiesofnaturebutawareallthewhilethattheworldiscrazyandmeaningless.Theirlifeisdefeated.Theonlystrengthtoliveonwithanydignitycomesfromnowherebuthimself.Godgivesnohelp.Inaworldinwhich“allisvanityandvexationofspirit,”thereisnothingonecandobuttotakecareofone’sownlifeandbetoughwithgraceunderpressure.JackBarnesisreallyaFisherKinginanElioticWasteLand.Hisphysicalimpotenceisatokenofmodernman’sspiritualimpotence（Chang222-223）.

B.JackKerouacandOntheRoad

1.JackKerouac

JackKerouacwasborntoFrenchCanadianimmigrantsinthecityofLowell,Massachusetts,onMarch12,1922.Thereissomeconfusionsurroundinghisoriginalnamepartlyduetovariationsonthespelli