非谓语动词小结与练习.docx
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非谓语动词小结与练习
非谓语动词小结
非谓语动词包括不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词。
一.不定式:
不定式有两种,带to的不定式和不带to的不
定式。
1.不定式作主语。
不定式可以作主语。
但常用It作形式主语,后面的真主有两种todosth./forsb.todosth.常见句型为:
It+be+形容词/名词+不定式(但在kind,good,nice,clever等表示人的品质的形容词后不用for而用of)。
⑴Toleanoutof(身体探出)thewindowisdangerous.
⑵ItisusefultostudyEnglishwell.
⑶Itisveryimportantforustoprotecttheenvironment.
⑷Itwon’tbeeasyforyoutofindanewjob.
⑸It’ssogood(nice)totalktoyou.
⑹Isiteasytolearnaforeignlanguage?
⑺It’sagoodhabittoeatslowly.
⑻It’sanhonourtomeetyou.
⑼Itisverykindofyoutohelpme.
⑽Itisverycleverofyoutodolikethat.
2.不定式作宾语。
⑴wanttodosth.
Youmustlearntolookafteryourself.
⑵在know,teach,learn,show等词后常接带疑问词的不定式作宾语。
①Idon’tknowwhattodo.
②Hetaughtmehowtoswim?
③I’llaskhimhowtooperatethemachine.
④Youmustlearnhowtobepatient.
⑤IforgothowtosayitinEnglish.
⑥Doyourememberwhichwaytogetthere?
⑦Haveyoudecidedwhattodonext?
⑧Wehavetofindoutwheretobuyfoodcheaply.
⑶在find,think,feel,make,consider,expect等词
后,常用it作形式宾语,不定式作真宾。
①IfinditeasytoreadEnglisheveryday.
②IfinditeasytogetalongwithJim.
③Allthismadeithardforhertomakeadecision.
④Hemadeitaruletowalktwomilesaday.
⑷作介宾。
①Ihavenoideaofwhattodo.
②Hewroteabookonhowtoprotecttheenvironment.
3.不定式作表语。
⑴表示按计划安排要做的事,主语多是人。
We’retomeetattheschoolgateat5:
00thisafternoon.
⑵当主语是myjob,task,aim(目标),goal,purpose(目的),ambition(志向),plan,wish,desire
(要求,心愿),等表示“类”概念的词时,主表可颠倒。
与动名词作表语(主语也是表‘类’概念的词,主表也可颠倒)的区别,不定式表示未来动作,动名词表示既定事实。
①Hisgoalistobeascientist.
=Tobeascientistishisgoal.
②Mary’staskistosetthetable.
③Myonlywishistodosomethingforthepublic.
④Herambitionwastobeafilmstar.
①Hishobbyispainting.
=Paintingishishobby.
②HerjobisteachingEnglish.
③Herfavoritesportisskiing.
④Seeingisbelieving.(谚)眼见为实。
⑶不定式作表语与系动词之间只能加about,just,justabout等小副词。
即“be+about+todosth.”
just
justabout
“正要,刚要做某事”
4.不定式作定语。
不定式作定语常后置,与它所修饰的名词有三大关系。
主谓关系:
Sheisthefirsttogotoschool.
动宾关系:
Ihavealettertoanswer.
同格关系:
Thepoorhasnochancetogotoschool.
介宾关系:
Thereisnoroomtolivein.
(=Thereisnowheretolive.)
5.不定式作宾补。
⑴①want/asksb.todosth.
②Helikes(wants)thestudentstoeatwell.
③Mybosstoldmetotypeouttwoletters.
④Sheencouraged(鼓励)metotryagain.
⑵以下动词后接省略to的不定式作宾补。
六个感官动词:
4个“看”see,watch,notice,observe
1个“听”hear
1个“手摸”feel
三个“使,让”动词:
make,have,let
两个词组:
lookat,listento
一个help后可省可不省:
helpsb.(to)dosth.
①Didyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?
②Wewatchedthechildrenskiprope.
③Didyounoticeamancomein?
④Iheardherlockthedoor.
⑤Ifeltsomethingcrawl(ing)upmyarm.
⑥Shewon’tletmedoit.
⑦Iwon’thavehimcheatmelikethat.
⑧Lookatthegirlsdance!
⑨Helistenedtousretellstories.
⑩I’llhelpyou(to)pushthecart(车).
注意:
在主动语态中省略的to,在被动语态中一定要加上to。
主动语态中的宾补就是被动语态的主补。
①Wesawtheboyfallsuddenlyfromthetree.
(宾补省略to)
②Theboywasseentofallsuddenlyfromthetree.
(主补千万不能省)
③Shewasoftenheardtosingthissong.
④You’llbehelpedtofinishthetask.
6.不定式作状语。
①IwenttothelibrarytostudyEnglish.(目状)
②I’mproudtobeaChinese.
③Iamafraidtotellher.
④Iwassorrytohearthatyouwereill.
⑤Hewasluckytofindsuchagoodjob.
⑥Thefruitisnotfittoeat.
⑦Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.
⑧Youweretooyoungtounderstand.
⑨Sheisn’toldenoughtotravelbyherself.
⑩Tobehonest,Ijustdon’tlikehim.
7.不定式的完成式,进行式和被动式。
①Iamsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.
②Iremembertohavetoldyouaboutit.
③Sheseemedtohavelostherpatience.
①Heseemedtobedreaming.
②Ireallyhopetobeworkingwithyou.
③Yououghttobereviewingyourlessonsnow.
①Theywantedtobebettertreated.
②Shewasthefirstonetobeaskedtospeak.
③Sheleftthecity,nevertobeseenagain.
④Hewassentabroadtobeeducated.
eg:
---Areyougoingtotheparty____atSmith’shome
thisevening?
---IwillifI’mfree.
A.holdingB.heldC.toholdD.tobeheld
二.动名词。
1.动名词作主语:
一个动名词短语作主语看成单数;两个或两个以上的动名词短语作主语看成复数。
①Eatingtoomuchisbadforyourhealth.
②Exercisingisgoodforus.
③Talkingtohimistalkingtoawall.
④Findingworkisdifficultthesedays.
⑤Smokingmaycausecancer.
⑥Growingrosesisherhobby.
⑦Listening,speaking,readingandwritingare
thingsyoumustdoconstantly(不断地)inlearningalanguage.
It’s+形容词/名词+动名词作主语
①It’sniceseeingyouagain.
②It’shopelessarguing(争论)aboutit.
③Itwaspleasantandcomfortablesittingthere.
④It’snouseaskingme,Idon’tknowanymorethanyoudo.
2.动名词作宾语。
⑴作及物动词的宾语
①Ilikeswimming.
②Ihatelyingandcheating.
③Soyoupreferlivingabroad?
④Icouldn’thelplaughing.
⑤Wouldyoumindmovingyourcar?
⑥Wouldyoumindnotwearingthoseoldjeans?
Theylookterrible.
⑦Thebookisworthreading.
⑧Thegardenneedswatering.
⑨Yourhairwantscutting.
⑵作介词的宾语:
Stampsareusedforsendingletters.
⑶以下10个词后只能接动名词作宾语:
enjoy(欣赏),risk(冒险),finish(完成),suggest(建议),miss
(错过),practice(实践),consider(认为),
imagine(想象),avoid(避免),escape(逃跑).
①Ienjoyplayingtenniswithyou.
②Theboyriskedclimbingthetree.
③Haveyoufinishedtalking?
④Isuggestgoingbybike.
⑤I’msorryImissedseeingyouwhileinBeijing.
⑥Thegirlpracticessingingeverymorning.
⑦Iconsiderbuyingagooddictionary.
⑧It’shardtoimagineworkinginaplacelikethat.
⑨Alwaysavoidswimmingalone.
⑩Bytakingthebakeway,heescapedbeingseen/hurt.
⑷有些动词后接不定式作宾语与后接动名词作宾语的用法有所区别。
①Iliketoswimthisafternoon.
Ilikeswimming.
②Theystoppedtosmokeacigarette.
Imuststopsmoking.
③Heforgettobringhisumbrella.
Heforgotgivingmeaphoto,andhegamemeagain.
④Remembertotellhimaboutit.
Iremembertellingyouaboutit.
⑤I’lltrytoimprove.
Trydoingmoreexercises;you’llsoonloseweight.
⑥WehadsupperandwentontowatchTV.
Hedidn’thavearestandwentonworking.
⑦Idon’tregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.
Idon’tregrettellingherwhatIthought.
⑧Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.
Doingthatmeanswastingtime.(want)
⑨Shewasafraidtowakeherhusbandup.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
Shewasafraidofwakingherhusbandup.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
3.动名词作表语。
主语通常是job,interest,hobby,duty等表示“类”概念的词时,主表可颠倒。
与不定式作表语的区别,不定式表示未来动作,动名词表示既定事实。
①Hishobbyispainting.
=Paintingishishobby.
②HerjobisteachingEnglish.
③Herfavoritesportisskiing.
④Seeingisbelieving.(谚)眼见为实。
4.动名词作定语。
与现在分词作定语的区别:
凡是表功能性的,能用for解释清楚的是动名词。
asleepingboy
asleepingcar(=Thecarisforsleeping.)
sleepingbagswimmingpoolswimmingsuit
writingtablewritingpaperwashingmachine
fishingpoledrinkingwaterareadingroom
theteachingmethodsparkinglot(space)
fillingstation(加油站)
现在分词作定语动名词作定语
flyingsauces(飞碟)flyingsuit
sleepingbeautysleepingpills
thewaitingcrowd(人群)thewaitingroom
awalkingdictionaryawalkingstick
runningwaterrunningtrack(跑道)
alivinglanguagelivingstandard(生活水平)
三.现在分词和过去分词。
现在分词和过去分词都有形容词的性质,都可以作定语,状语,表语和宾补。
1.现在分词和过去分词作定语。
现在分词和过去分词作定语,通常情况是一个词放前头,一个短语放后头。
放后头的都可以改成后置的定语从句。
⑴放前头的现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别:
①adevelopingcountry
adevelopedcountry(或表完成或表被动)
②afallingleaf
afallenleaf
③therisingsun
therisensun
⑵放前头的现在分词作定语:
①livingthings
②thelivinggeneration(在成长的一代)
③aboomingtown(日渐繁荣的城市)
④increasingdemand(日益增长的需求)
⑤It’sthemostexcitingnews
⑥I’vehadatiringday.
(令人困倦的,使人疲劳的,累人的一天)
⑦agood-lookingwoman
⑧aneasy-goingman
⑨ahard-workingteaching
⑶放前头的过去分词作定语:
abrokenheartfrozenfood
alostdogsmokedfish
apollutedriverfriedeggs
ausedcardriedfruit
returnedstudentsfallenleaf
awell-dressedwomen
hand-madegoods
air-conditionedrooms
⑷放后头的现在分词短语作定语:
①Doyouknowthegirlstanding(=whoisstanding)underthetree?
②Whoisthewomantalking(=thatistalking)toJim?
③Therewere220childrenstudying(=whoweretalking)intheartschool.
④Thereareafewboysswimming(=whoareswimming)inthestream.(小溪)
⑤Thereisacarwaiting(=whichiswaiting)outside.
⑥Thegirlsitting(=whowassitting)nexttomewasmycousin.
⑦Thereisabuscoming(=whichiscoming)up.
注意一:
间或跟在名词后面的也可能是一个单一的现在分词,而不是短语。
eg:
Hewaswokenupbyabellringing
(=whichwasringing).
⑸放后头的过去分词短语作定语:
①Thebookborrowed(=that/whichisborrowed)
yesterdayisveryinteresting.
②Isthereanythingplanned(=whichwasplanned)for
tonight?
③Suddenlythereappearedayoungwomandressed(=whowasdressed)ingreen.
④What’sthelanguagespoken(=thatisspoken)inthat
country?
注意二:
间或跟在名词后面的也可能是一个单一的过去分词,而不是短语。
①Doyouknowthenumberofbooksordered
(=whichwereordered)?
②Isthereanybodyinjured(=whowasinjured)?
(受伤)
③Shelikedallthecoursesoffered
(=whichwereoffered).
她对所开的课程都很喜欢。
④Howmuchtimeisthereleft?
eg:
Atleast300millionpeopleareusingQQ____byMaHuatengtochatonline.
A.createB.createsC.creatingD.create
注意三:
现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别。
(见动名词部分)
2.现在分词和过去分词作状语。
现在分词和过去分词都可以作伴随状语。
现在分词作伴随状语与主语是一致的;过去分词作伴随状语与主语是被动关系。
⑴Tomenteredthehall,followedbyhisfather.
followinghisfather.
⑵Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,singing
laughingandtalking.
⑶Hesatatthetable,readingthenewspaper.
⑷Wespentalldaylookingforyou.
⑸Hestoodtherefortwohourswatchingthegame.
⑹Theboycamerunningintothehouse.
⑺Shewaslyinginbedcrying.
⑻Shewasinthekitchenpreparingsupper.
⑼FollowingTom,theystaredtoclimb.
⑽Travellingbyjeep,wevisitedanumberofcities.
⑾Pleasefillinthisform,givingyourname,address,etc.
⑿Igothome,feelingverytired.
①Abitfrightened,Ihandedittoher.
我略带惊恐地把它递给了她。
②Theycamein,followedb