四级模拟8.docx

四级模拟8.docx

《四级模拟8.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《四级模拟8.docx（12页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

四级模拟8

四级模拟8

PartI             Writing          （30minutes）

Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicSavingtheWildAnimals.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:

1.许多野生动物正濒临着灭绝的危险

2.为了保护野生动物，必须要采取措施

3.只有采取的措施得当，才能保护野生动物

SavingtheWildAnimals

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PartII       ReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）    （15minutes）

Directions:

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1–7,mark

Y（forYES）ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

N（forNO）ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

NG（forNOTGIVEN）iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestions8–10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

Thereisnothingunusualaboutasinglelanguagedying.Communitieshavecomeandgonethroughouthistory,andwiththem,theirlanguage.Butwhatishappeningtodayisextraordinary,judgedbythestandardsofthepast.Itislanguageextinctiononamassivescale.Accordingtothebestestimates,therearesome6,000languagesintheworld.Ofthese,abouthalfaregoingtodieoutinthecourseofthenextcentury：

that3,000languagesin1,200months.Onaverage,thereisalanguagedyingoutsomewhereintheworldeverytwoweeksorso.

Howdoweknow?

Inthecourseofthepasttwoorthreedecades,linguistsallovertheworldhavebeengatheringcomparativedata.Iftheyfindalanguagewithjustafewspeakersleft,andnobodyisbotheringtopassthelanguageontothechildren,theyconcludethatlanguageisboundtodieoutsoon.Andwehavetodrawthesameconclusionifalanguagehaslessthan100speakers,itisnotlikelytolastverylong.A1999surveyshowsthat97percentoftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyjustfourpercentofthepeople.

Itistoolatetodoanythingtohelpmanylanguage,wherethespeakersaretoofewortooold,andwherethecommunityistoobusyjusttryingtosurvivetocareabouttheirlanguage.Butmanylanguagesarenotinsuchaseriousposition.Often,wherelanguagesareseriouslyendangered,therearethingsthatcanbedonetogivenewlifetothem.Itiscalledrevitalization.

Onceacommunityrealizesthatitslanguageisindanger,itcanstarttointroducemeasureswhichcangenuinelyrevitalize.Thecommunityitselfmustwanttosaveitslanguage.Thecultureofthecommunitymustneedtohavearespectforminoritylanguages.Thereneedstobefunding,tosupportcourse,materials,andteachers.Andthereneedtobelinguists,togetonwiththebasictaskofputtingthelanguagedownonpaper.That’sthebottomline:

gettingthelanguagedocumented,recorded,analyzed,andwrittendown.Peoplemustbeabletoreadandwriteiftheyandtheirlanguagearetohaveafutureinanincreasinglycomputer-literatecivilization.

Butcanwesaveafewthousandlanguages,justlikethat?

Yes,ifthewillandfundingwereavailable.Itisnotcheap,gettinglinguistsintothefield,traininglocalanalysts,supportingthecommunitywithlanguageresourcesandteachers,compilinggrammarsanddictionaries,writingmaterialsforuseinschools.Ittaketime,lotofit,torevitalizeanendangeredlanguage.Conditionsvarysomuchthatitisdifficulttogeneralize,butafigureof$100,000ayearperlanguagecannotbefarfromthetruth.Ifwedevotethatamountoferrortoverthreeyearsforeachof3,000languages,wewouldbetalkingaboutsome$900million.

Therearesomefamouscaseswhichillustratewhatcanbedone.Welsh,aloneamongtheCelticlanguages,itnotonlystoppingitssteadydeclinetowardsextinctionbutshowingsignsofrealgrowth.TwolanguageactsprotectthestatusofWelshnow,anditspresentisincreasinglyinevidencewhereveryoutravelinWales.

Ontheothersideoftheword,MaoriinNewZealandhasbeenmaintainedbyasystemofso-calledlanguagenests,firstintroducedin1982.Theseareorganizationswhichprovidechildrenunderfivewithadomesticsettinginwhichtheyareintensivelyexposedtothelanguage.ThestaffsareallMaorispeakersfromthelocalcommunity.ThehopeisthatthechildrenwillkeeptheirMaoriskillsaliveafterleavingthenests,andthatastheygrowoldertheywillinturnbecomerolemodelstoanewgenerationofyoungchildren.Therearecaseslikethisallovertheworld.Andwhentherevivinglanguageisassociatedwithadegreeofpoliticalautonomy,thegrowthcanbeespeciallystriking,asshownbyFaroese,spokenintheFaroeIslands,aftertheislandsreceivedameausureofautonomyfromDenmark.

InSwitzerland,Rpmanschwasfacingadifficultsituation,spokeninfiveverydifferentdialects,withsmallanddiminishingnumbers,asyoungpeoplelefttheircommunityforworkintheGerman-speakingcities.Thesolutionherewasthecreationinthe1980sofunifiedwrittenlanguageforallthesedialects.RomanscGrishun,asitisnowcalled,hasofficialstatusinpartsofSwitzerland,andisbeingincreasingusedasspokenfromonradioandtelevision.

Alanguagecanbebroughtbackfromtheverybrinkofextinction.TheAinulanguageofJapan,aftermanyyearsofneglectandrepression,hadreachedastagewheretherewereonlyeightfluentspeakersleft,allelderly.However,newgovernmentpoliciesbroughtfreshattitudesandappositiveinterestinsurvival.Several‘semi-speakers’-peoplewhohadbecomeunwillingtospeakAinubecauseofthenegativeattitudesbyJapanesespeakers-werepromptedtobecomeactivespeakersagain.Thereisfreshinterestnowandthelanguageismorepubliclyavailablethanithasbeenforyears.

Ifgooddescriptionsandmaterialsareavailable,evenextinctlanguagescanberesurrected（复活）.Kaurna,fromSouthAustralia,isanexample.Thislanguagehadbeenextinctforaboutacentury,buthadbeenquitewelldocumented.So,whenastrongmovementgrewforitsrevival,itwaspossibletoreconstructit.Therevisedlanguageisnotthesameastheoriginal,ofcourse.Itlackstherangthattheoriginalhad,andmuchoftheoldvocabulary.Butitcannonethelessactasabadgeofpresent-dayidentityforitspeople.Andaslongaspeoplecontinuetovalueitasatruemarkeroftheiridentity,andarepreparedtokeepusingit,itwilldevelopnewfunctionsandnewvocabulary,asanyotherlivinglanguagewoulddo.

Itistoosoontopredictthefutureoftheserevivedlanguages,butinsomepartsoftheworldtheyareattractingpreciselytherangeofpositiveattitudesandgrass-rootssupportwhicharethepreconditionsforlanguagesurvival.Insuchunexpectedbutheart-warmingwaysmightweseegrandtotaloflanguagesintheworldminimallyincreased.

1.Thepassagemainlydealswithhowtosavelanguagefromextinction.

2.Therateatwhichlanguagesarebecomingextincthasincreased.

3.Researchonthesubjectoflanguageextinctionbeganinthe1990s.

4.Inordertosurvive,alanguageneedstobespokenbymorethan100people.

5.Certainpartsoftheworldaremorevulnerablethanotherstolanguageextinction.

6.Savinglanguageshouldbethemajorconcernofanysmallcommunitywhoselanguageisunderthreat.

7.Thesupportfromthenativepopulationisoneofthefactorsthatarenecessarytoassisttherevitalizationofalanguagewithinacommunity.

1.[Y][N][NG]2.[Y][N][NG]3.[Y][N][NG]4.[Y][N][NG]

5.[Y][N][NG]6.[Y][N][NG]7.[Y][N][NG]

8.InordertomaintainanendangeredlanguageinNewZealand,someorganzationsadoptedasystemof____________________.

9.Thelanguage,whichisontheveryedgeofextinctioninJapan,couldonlybespokenfluentlyby____________________.

10.InAustralia,_________________contributetoKaurna’srevitalization.

PartIVReadingComprehension（ReadinginDepth）（25minutes）

　　SectionA

　　Directions:

Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequestedtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

　　Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Becausesmokingisafromofaddition,80percentofsmokerswhoquitusuallyexperiencesomewithdrawalsymptoms（戒断症状），Thesemayincludeheadache,light–headedness,andchestpainonl_47_symptoms,suchasanxiety,short-termdepression,andinabilitytoconcentrate,mayalsoappear.Themainpsychologicalsymptomisincreasedirritability（烦躁）.Peoplebecomesoirritable,infact,thattheysaytheyfeellike“killingsomebody”.Yetthereisnoevidencethatquittingsmokingleadsto_48_violence.

Somepeopleseemtolosealltheirenergyanddrive,wantingonlytosleep.Otherreactinexactlythe_49_way,becomingsoover-energizedthattheycan’tfindenoughactivitytoburnofftheir_50_energy.Forinstance,onewomansaidshecleanedoutallherclosetscompletelyandwasreadytogonextdoortostartonherneighbor’s.Boththese_51_,however,eventuallyleveloff.Thesymptomsm