四级模拟8.docx
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四级模拟8
四级模拟8
PartI Writing (30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicSavingtheWildAnimals.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:
1.许多野生动物正濒临着灭绝的危险
2.为了保护野生动物,必须要采取措施
3.只有采取的措施得当,才能保护野生动物
SavingtheWildAnimals
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PartII ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning) (15minutes)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1–7,mark
Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;
N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;
NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.
Forquestions8–10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
Thereisnothingunusualaboutasinglelanguagedying.Communitieshavecomeandgonethroughouthistory,andwiththem,theirlanguage.Butwhatishappeningtodayisextraordinary,judgedbythestandardsofthepast.Itislanguageextinctiononamassivescale.Accordingtothebestestimates,therearesome6,000languagesintheworld.Ofthese,abouthalfaregoingtodieoutinthecourseofthenextcentury:
that3,000languagesin1,200months.Onaverage,thereisalanguagedyingoutsomewhereintheworldeverytwoweeksorso.
Howdoweknow?
Inthecourseofthepasttwoorthreedecades,linguistsallovertheworldhavebeengatheringcomparativedata.Iftheyfindalanguagewithjustafewspeakersleft,andnobodyisbotheringtopassthelanguageontothechildren,theyconcludethatlanguageisboundtodieoutsoon.Andwehavetodrawthesameconclusionifalanguagehaslessthan100speakers,itisnotlikelytolastverylong.A1999surveyshowsthat97percentoftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyjustfourpercentofthepeople.
Itistoolatetodoanythingtohelpmanylanguage,wherethespeakersaretoofewortooold,andwherethecommunityistoobusyjusttryingtosurvivetocareabouttheirlanguage.Butmanylanguagesarenotinsuchaseriousposition.Often,wherelanguagesareseriouslyendangered,therearethingsthatcanbedonetogivenewlifetothem.Itiscalledrevitalization.
Onceacommunityrealizesthatitslanguageisindanger,itcanstarttointroducemeasureswhichcangenuinelyrevitalize.Thecommunityitselfmustwanttosaveitslanguage.Thecultureofthecommunitymustneedtohavearespectforminoritylanguages.Thereneedstobefunding,tosupportcourse,materials,andteachers.Andthereneedtobelinguists,togetonwiththebasictaskofputtingthelanguagedownonpaper.That’sthebottomline:
gettingthelanguagedocumented,recorded,analyzed,andwrittendown.Peoplemustbeabletoreadandwriteiftheyandtheirlanguagearetohaveafutureinanincreasinglycomputer-literatecivilization.
Butcanwesaveafewthousandlanguages,justlikethat?
Yes,ifthewillandfundingwereavailable.Itisnotcheap,gettinglinguistsintothefield,traininglocalanalysts,supportingthecommunitywithlanguageresourcesandteachers,compilinggrammarsanddictionaries,writingmaterialsforuseinschools.Ittaketime,lotofit,torevitalizeanendangeredlanguage.Conditionsvarysomuchthatitisdifficulttogeneralize,butafigureof$100,000ayearperlanguagecannotbefarfromthetruth.Ifwedevotethatamountoferrortoverthreeyearsforeachof3,000languages,wewouldbetalkingaboutsome$900million.
Therearesomefamouscaseswhichillustratewhatcanbedone.Welsh,aloneamongtheCelticlanguages,itnotonlystoppingitssteadydeclinetowardsextinctionbutshowingsignsofrealgrowth.TwolanguageactsprotectthestatusofWelshnow,anditspresentisincreasinglyinevidencewhereveryoutravelinWales.
Ontheothersideoftheword,MaoriinNewZealandhasbeenmaintainedbyasystemofso-calledlanguagenests,firstintroducedin1982.Theseareorganizationswhichprovidechildrenunderfivewithadomesticsettinginwhichtheyareintensivelyexposedtothelanguage.ThestaffsareallMaorispeakersfromthelocalcommunity.ThehopeisthatthechildrenwillkeeptheirMaoriskillsaliveafterleavingthenests,andthatastheygrowoldertheywillinturnbecomerolemodelstoanewgenerationofyoungchildren.Therearecaseslikethisallovertheworld.Andwhentherevivinglanguageisassociatedwithadegreeofpoliticalautonomy,thegrowthcanbeespeciallystriking,asshownbyFaroese,spokenintheFaroeIslands,aftertheislandsreceivedameausureofautonomyfromDenmark.
InSwitzerland,Rpmanschwasfacingadifficultsituation,spokeninfiveverydifferentdialects,withsmallanddiminishingnumbers,asyoungpeoplelefttheircommunityforworkintheGerman-speakingcities.Thesolutionherewasthecreationinthe1980sofunifiedwrittenlanguageforallthesedialects.RomanscGrishun,asitisnowcalled,hasofficialstatusinpartsofSwitzerland,andisbeingincreasingusedasspokenfromonradioandtelevision.
Alanguagecanbebroughtbackfromtheverybrinkofextinction.TheAinulanguageofJapan,aftermanyyearsofneglectandrepression,hadreachedastagewheretherewereonlyeightfluentspeakersleft,allelderly.However,newgovernmentpoliciesbroughtfreshattitudesandappositiveinterestinsurvival.Several‘semi-speakers’-peoplewhohadbecomeunwillingtospeakAinubecauseofthenegativeattitudesbyJapanesespeakers-werepromptedtobecomeactivespeakersagain.Thereisfreshinterestnowandthelanguageismorepubliclyavailablethanithasbeenforyears.
Ifgooddescriptionsandmaterialsareavailable,evenextinctlanguagescanberesurrected(复活).Kaurna,fromSouthAustralia,isanexample.Thislanguagehadbeenextinctforaboutacentury,buthadbeenquitewelldocumented.So,whenastrongmovementgrewforitsrevival,itwaspossibletoreconstructit.Therevisedlanguageisnotthesameastheoriginal,ofcourse.Itlackstherangthattheoriginalhad,andmuchoftheoldvocabulary.Butitcannonethelessactasabadgeofpresent-dayidentityforitspeople.Andaslongaspeoplecontinuetovalueitasatruemarkeroftheiridentity,andarepreparedtokeepusingit,itwilldevelopnewfunctionsandnewvocabulary,asanyotherlivinglanguagewoulddo.
Itistoosoontopredictthefutureoftheserevivedlanguages,butinsomepartsoftheworldtheyareattractingpreciselytherangeofpositiveattitudesandgrass-rootssupportwhicharethepreconditionsforlanguagesurvival.Insuchunexpectedbutheart-warmingwaysmightweseegrandtotaloflanguagesintheworldminimallyincreased.
1.Thepassagemainlydealswithhowtosavelanguagefromextinction.
2.Therateatwhichlanguagesarebecomingextincthasincreased.
3.Researchonthesubjectoflanguageextinctionbeganinthe1990s.
4.Inordertosurvive,alanguageneedstobespokenbymorethan100people.
5.Certainpartsoftheworldaremorevulnerablethanotherstolanguageextinction.
6.Savinglanguageshouldbethemajorconcernofanysmallcommunitywhoselanguageisunderthreat.
7.Thesupportfromthenativepopulationisoneofthefactorsthatarenecessarytoassisttherevitalizationofalanguagewithinacommunity.
1.[Y][N][NG]2.[Y][N][NG]3.[Y][N][NG]4.[Y][N][NG]
5.[Y][N][NG]6.[Y][N][NG]7.[Y][N][NG]
8.InordertomaintainanendangeredlanguageinNewZealand,someorganzationsadoptedasystemof____________________.
9.Thelanguage,whichisontheveryedgeofextinctioninJapan,couldonlybespokenfluentlyby____________________.
10.InAustralia,_________________contributetoKaurna’srevitalization.
PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)
SectionA
Directions:
Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequestedtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.
Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Becausesmokingisafromofaddition,80percentofsmokerswhoquitusuallyexperiencesomewithdrawalsymptoms(戒断症状),Thesemayincludeheadache,light–headedness,andchestpainonl_47_symptoms,suchasanxiety,short-termdepression,andinabilitytoconcentrate,mayalsoappear.Themainpsychologicalsymptomisincreasedirritability(烦躁).Peoplebecomesoirritable,infact,thattheysaytheyfeellike“killingsomebody”.Yetthereisnoevidencethatquittingsmokingleadsto_48_violence.
Somepeopleseemtolosealltheirenergyanddrive,wantingonlytosleep.Otherreactinexactlythe_49_way,becomingsoover-energizedthattheycan’tfindenoughactivitytoburnofftheir_50_energy.Forinstance,onewomansaidshecleanedoutallherclosetscompletelyandwasreadytogonextdoortostartonherneighbor’s.Boththese_51_,however,eventuallyleveloff.Thesymptomsm