语言学单元自测.docx

语言学单元自测.docx

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语言学单元自测

语言学单元自测8（总12页）

I.　DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.

　　⒈Sociolinguisticsisthesub-disciplineoflinguisticsthatstudiessocialcontexts.

　　⒉Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers.

　　⒊Languageusevariesfromonespeechcommunitytoanother，fromoneregionalgrouptoanother，fromonesocialgrouptoanother，andevenfromoneindividualtoanother.

　　⒋Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.

　　linguisticmarkersthatcharacterizeindividualsocialgroupsmayserveassocialmarkersofgroupmembership.

　　thesociolinguisticperspective，theterm“speechvariety”cannotbeusedtorefertostandardlanguage，vernacularlanguage，dialectorpidgin.

　　7Functionalspeechvarietiesareknownasregionaldialects.

　　mostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary.

　　barriersaretheonlysourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.

　　person’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures.

　　speakersofthesamelanguageordialectusetheirlanguageordialectinthesameway.

　　speakerofalanguageis，inastrictersense，aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.

　　standardlanguageisabetterlanguagethannonstandardlanguages.

　　linguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds.

　　arelinguisticallyinferiortostandardlanguages.

　　pidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher，ordominant，languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.

　　majordifferencebetweenapidginandacreoleisthattheformerusuallyhasitsnativespeakerswhilethelatterdoesn’t.

　　anddiglossiameanthesamething.

　　kindofnameortermspeakersusetocallorrefertosomeonemayindicatesomethingoftheirsocialrelationshiptoorpersonalfeelingsaboutthatindividual.

　　useofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting.

　　II.Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.

　　socialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechc________.

　　v_________referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.

　　thesociolinguisticperspective，aspeechvarietyisnomorethanad__________varietyofalanguage.

　　standardizationisalsocalledlanguagep_______.

　　variationgivesrisetos_________whicharesub-divisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic，educational，occupationalbackground，etc.

　　variationinaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.

　　regionaldialectmaygainstatusandbecomestandardizedasthenationaloro________languageofacountry.

　　standardlanguageisas_________，sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.

　　varietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard，orv_______languages.

　　pidgintypicallylacksini_______morphemes.

　　tabooreflectss_________taboo.

　　avoidanceofusingtaboolanguagemirrorssocialattitudes，emotionsandvaluejudgmentsandhasnol_________basis.

　　III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

　　33._______isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.

A.Psycholinguistics　　　　

B.Sociolinguistics

C.Historicallinguistics

D.Generallinguistics

　　34.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits_____.

A.useofwords

B.useofstructures

C.accent　　　　　　

D.morphemes

　　35.____isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.

A.Regionalvariation

B.Languagevariation

C.Socialvariation

D.Registervariation

　　36._______arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.

A.Geographicalbarriers

B.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone’snativespeech

C.Physicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochange

D.Socialbarriers

　　37._________meansthatcertainauthorities，suchasthegovernmentchoose，aparticularspeechvariety，standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries.

A.Languageinterference

B.Languagechanges

C.Languageplanning

D.Languagetransfer

　　38._________inaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.

A.Regionalvariation

B.Changesinemotions

C.Variationinconnotations

D.Stylisticvariation

　　39.A____isavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.

A.linguafranca

B.register

C.Creole

D.nationallanguage

　　40.Although_______aresimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures，theyarerule-governed，likeanyhumanlanguage.

A.vernacularlanguages

B.creoles

C.pidgins

D.sociolects

　　41.Innormalsituations，____speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheir____counterpartswiththesamesocialbackground.

A.female；male

B.male；female

C.old；young

D.young；old

　　42.Alinguistic____referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe"polite"societyfromgeneraluse.

A.slang　　　　　　

B.euphemism

C.jargon　　　　　　

D.taboo

　　IV.Definethefollowingterms.

43.sociolinguistics

44.speechcommunity

45.speechvariety

46.languageplanning

47.idiolect

48.standardlanguage

49.nonstandardlanguage

50.linguafranca

51.pidgin　　　　

52.Creole

53.diglossia　　　　

54.Bilingualism　　

55.ethnicdialect

56.Sociolect

57.register　　　　

58.slang

59.taboo　　　　

60.euphemism

　　V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary.

　　61.Discusswithexamplesthatthespeechofwomenmaydifferfromthespeechofmen.

　　62.DiscusswithexamplessomeofthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenStandardEnglishandBlackEnglish.

　　63.WhatisalinguistictabooWhateffectdoesithaveonouruseoflanguage

SuggestedAnswers

　　I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.

1.F

2.F

3.T

4.T

5.T

6.F

7.F

8.F

9.F

10.F

11.F

12.T

13.F

14.F

15.F

16.T

17.F

18.F

19.T

20.F

　　II.Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.

21.community

22.variety　

23.dialectal　

24.planning　

25.sociolects

26.Stylistic　

27.official　

28.superposed　

29.vernacular

30.inflectional　

31.social　

32.linguistic

　　III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

.BCAAC

.DACAD

　　IV.Definethefollowingterms.

　　43.　Sociolinguistics：

Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinsocialcontexts.

　　44.　Speechcommunity：

Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechcommunityoraspeechcommunityisagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.Theimportantcharacteristicofaspeechcommunityisthatthemembersofthegroupmust，insomereasonableway，interactlinguisticallywithothermembersofthecommunity.Theymaysharecloselyrelatedlanguagevarieties，aswellasattitudestowardlinguisticnorms.

　　45.　Speechvariety：

Speechvariety，alsoknownaslanguagevariety，referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.Thedistinctivecharacteristicsofaspeechvarietymaybelexical，phonological，morphological，syntactic，oracombinationoflinguisticfeatures.

　　46.　Languageplanning：

Languagestandardizationisknownaslanguageplanning.Thismeansthatcertainauthorities，suchasthegovernmentorgovernmentagencyofacountry，chooseaparticularspeechvarietyandspreadtheuseofit，includingitspronunciationandspellingsystems，acrossregionalboundaries.

　　47.　Idiolect：

Anidiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombinesaspectsofalltheelementsregardingregional，social，andstylisticvariation，inoneformoranother.Inanarrowersense，whatmakesupone’sidiolectincludesalsosuchfactorsasvoicequality，pitchandspeechrhythm，whichallcontributetotheidentifyingfeaturesinanindividual'sspeech.

　　48.　Standardlanguage：

Thestandardlanguageisasuperposed，sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem，usedbythemassmedia，andtaughtineducationalinstitutions，includingschoolsettingswherethelanguageistaughtasaforeignorsecondlanguage.

　　49.　Nonstandardlanguage：

Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandardlanguages.

　　50.Linguafranca：

Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.

　　51.　Pidgin：

Apidginisavarietyoflanguagethatisgenerallyusedbynativespeakersofotherlanguagesasamediumofcommunication.

　　52.　Creole：

ACreolelanguageisoriginallyapidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechcommunity.

　　53.　Diglossia：

Diglossiausuallydescribesasituationinwhichtwoverydifferentvarietiesoflanguageco-existinaspeechcommunity，eachwithadistinctrangeofpurelysocialfunctionandappropriateforcertainsituations.