英语六级阅读讲义.docx

英语六级阅读讲义.docx

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英语六级阅读讲义

大学英语六级阅读讲义

第一部分（补充阅读）

Text1

Aristotlewrotethatmencometogetherincitiestolive,butstayinthemtolivethegoodlife.ItwastheGreekswhoinventedtheideaofthecity,andurbanitycontinuesasathrivingtradition.Butinthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury,urbanlifeischanging.“Citiesarenowjunctionsintheflowsofpeople,information,financeandfreight,”saysNigelHarris,aprofessorofdevelopmentplanning.“They’relessandlessplaceswherepeopleliveandwork.”

TheenlargementoftheEuropeanUnioninDecemberin2002hasgivenresidentsofupto13newmembernationsfreedomofmovementwithinitsborders.Atthesametime,anadditional13.5millionimmigrantsayearwillbeneededintheEUjusttokeepastableratiobetweenworkersandpensionersoverthenexthalfcentury.AllthismobilitywillmakeEurope’scitiesnodesofnomadism,linkedtoeachotherbyhigh-speedtrainsandcheapairlineflights.ThebustlearoundairportsandtrainstationswillmakethecrowdsinEurope’sgreatpiazzalookthinbycomparison.Urbandesigners,withafreshlyprickedinterestintransienceratherthanstasis,areevennowdreamingupcityscapesthatfocusonflowsofpeopleandfungibleusesforbuildings.

Publicspacesaredueforarevamp.Earlierarchitectsconceivedoftrainstationsassinglebuildings;today’sdesignersarethinkingofthemastransitzonesthatlinktothecityaroundthem,pouringtravelersintobusstationsandsurroundingshops,InAmsterdam,urbanplannerBenvanBerkel,co-directorofthedesignfirmofUNStudio,hasdevelopedwhathecallsDeepPlanningStrategy,whichinvertsthetraditional“top-down”approach:

thecreationofaspacecomesbeforetheflowofpeoplethroughit.With3-Dmodelingandanimation,he’sabletolookatdifferentpopulationgroupsusepublicspacesatdifferenttimesoftheday.Heusesthedatatodesignspacesthataccommodatemobsatrushhourandsparsercrowdsatothertimes.

ThegrowingmobilityofEuropehasinspiredadebateaboutthelookandfeelofurbansprawl.“Upuntilnow,allourculturalheritagehasbeenconcentratedinthecitycenter,”notesProf.HeinrichModingoftheGermanInstituteofUrbanAffairs.“Butwe’vegottoimaginehowit’spossibletohavejoyfulvibrancyintheseoutlyingparts,sothatthey’renotjustaboutgarages,highwaysandgasolinetanks.”Thedesignsofnewbuildingarealsochangingtoanticipatetheemergingcityasawaystation.Buildingshavebeenseenasdisconnecting,isolating,defining.Butincreasingly,thequalityofspacethat’sindemandismovement.

Text2

Pain,unfortunately,isahorriblenecessityoflife.Itprotectspeoplebyalertingthemtothingsthatmightinjurethem.Butsomelong-termpainhasnothingtodowithanyobviousinjury.Oneestimatesuggeststhatoneinsixadultssufferfroma“chronicpain”condition.

SteveMcMahon,apainresearcheratKing’sCollege,London,saysthatifskinisdamaged,forinstancewithahotiron,anareaofsensitivitydevelopsaroundtheoutsideoftheburnwherealthoughuntouchedandundamagedbytheironthebehaviorofthenervefibersisdisrupted.Asaresult,heightenedsensitivityandabnormalpainsensationsoccurinthesurroundingskin.Chronicpain,hesays,maysimilarlybecausednotbydamagetothebody,butbecauseweakpainsignalsbecomeamplified.

Thiswouldalsohelpexplainwhychronicpainssuchaslower-backpainandosteoarthritisfailtorespondwelltotraditionalpaintherapies.Butnowanentirelynewkindofdrug,calledTanezumab,hasbeendeveloped.Itisanantibodyforaproteincallednervegrowthfactor（NGF）,whichisvitalfornewnervegrowthduringdevelopment.NGF,itturnsout,isalsocrucialintheregulationofthesensitizationofpaininchronicconditions.

KennethVerburg,oneoftheresearchersinvolvedinthedevelopmentofTanezumabatPfizer,saysitisnotexactlyclearwhatroleNGFplaysinnormalphysiology,butafteraninjurywhichinvolvestissuedamageandinflammation,levelsofNGFincreasedramatically.NGFseemstobeinvolvedintransmittingthepainsignal.Asaconsequence,blockingNGFreduceschronicpain.

Tanezumabmuststillcompletethefinalstagesofclinicaltrialsbeforeitcanbecomeaweaponinthetoolkitforreducinghumansuffering.Butunexpectedpainsdonotalwayscomefromthebody.AccordingtoIreneTracey,apainresearcherattheUniversityofOxford,howpainisexperiencedalsodependsuponaperson’sstateofmind.Ifsuccessivepatientssufferthesameburn,theextenttowhichithurtswilldependonwhetheroneisanxious,depressed,happyordistracted.

Suchideasarebeingexploredwithbrainscanswhichsuggestthatevenifalowlevelofpainisbeingsenttothebrain,thesignalcanbeturnedupbythe“mind”itself.Indeed,patientscanevenbetrickedintofeelingpain.

Inoneexperimentvolunteersweregivenapowerfulanalgesicandsubjectedtoapainfulstimulus—which,becauseoftheanalgesic,theycouldnotfeel.Thentheyweretoldthedrughadwornoff（althoughithadnot）,andsubsequentlycomplainedthatthestimulushurt.

Peoplecan,therefore,feelpainsimplybecauseitisexpected.Theycanfailtofeelpainforexactlythesamereasons,forexamplewhentheyaregivenplacebosoraredistracted.Butalthoughpainmaybesubjective,thatdoesnotmeanthefinalexperienceiscontrolledsolelybythemind.

ArecentpaperinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofScienceshasshownthatgenesplayaroleindeterminingsensitivitytopain.Onegene,knownasSCN9A,codesforaproteinthatallowsthechannelsalongwhichnervesignalsaretransmittedtoremainactiveforlongerandthustransmitmorepainsignals.Itseemslikelythatthisproteinwillattractagreatdealmoreanalgesicresearch.VariationsinSCN9Amayalsoexplainwhysomepatientspreferdifferentclassesofpainkillers.

Althoughpainmaybeahorriblenecessity,thereisnodoubtthathumanitycouldcopewithfarlessofthechronicsort.Understandinghowthemind,thebodyandpeople’sgenesinteracttocausepainshouldbringmorerelief.

Text3

Morethan41mAmericanstunedinonMarch7thtowatch“TheHurtLocker”wintheawardforbestpictureattheOscars,theannualritualofglitzthatremindstheworldthatHollywoodistheglobalcentreofthefilmandentertainmentindustry.“TheHurtLocker”,however,wasfilmedinJordan,notHollywood.PerhapsthatisasitshouldbeforafilmsetinIraq.Butwhatabout“Battle:

LosAngeles”?

Hittingcinemasnextyear,itisafilmaboutmarinesfightinganalieninvasion.AnditisbeingshotinLouisiana.

Californiahasbeenworryingabout“runawayproduction”since1998,whenCanadabeganluringproducersandtheircrewsawayfromLosAngeleswithtaxbreaks.Otherplacesfollowed,andallbutsevenAmericanstatesandterritoriesand24othercountriesnowoffer,orarepreparingtooffer,rebates,grantsortaxcreditsthatcut20%,30%oreven40%ofthecostofshootingamovie.

Theseincentiveshavebecomeahugefactorinchoosingwheretoshootafilm.Hollywoodtypesareusedtogoingonlocation,saysAmyLemisch,thedirectoroftheCaliforniaFilmCommission,astatebodythattriestoretainfilmproduction.Thesedays,shesays,producersfirstcomparetheincentivesofferedbythedifferentlocationsandonlythenlookattheirscriptstoseewhichoftheplacesontheshortlistmakesense.California’sworldshareofstudiofilms（ie,thosemadebythesixbiggeststudios）droppedfrom66%in2003to34%in2008,sheestimates,andhasfallenfurthersincethen.

Thedeclineinmovie-shootingwouldhavebeenevenfasterifCaliforniahadnot,lastJuly,alsogotintothegameofgivingoutincentives.TenfeaturefilmswhichwouldotherwisehavebeenmadeoutsidethestatewerefilmedinLosAngelesinthesecondhalfof2009purelybecauseofthisfinancialaid.ButCalifornia’sincentivesarerelativelymodest,saysMsLemisch,andaresettoexpirein2014.

Itmayseemstrangethatevenstateswithbudgetcrises,suchasMichigan,NewYorkorCalifornia,choosetomaketheirdeficitsworsewithsuchgiveaways—andinMichiganthetaxcreditshaveindeedbecomecontroversial.Butstatesandcountriesareenthusiasticabouthostingfilmcrews,forgoodreason.Withnofactoriestobuild,theeconomicbenefitisinstantaneous.JackKyserattheLosAngelesCountyEconomicDevelopmentCorporationestimatesthattheaveragefilm（withabudgetof$32m）leadsto141jobsdirectly,fromcatererstomake-upartists,andanother425jobsindirectly.Anditgenerates$4.1minsalestaxesandincometaxes.

Evenwithitsfilmschoolsandarmiesofcameramenandextras,therefore,Hollywoodisnotquiteasunshakableasitoncethought.Thebusinessoffilm-makingmaysplit,saysMsLemisch,withthelawyers,agentsandothersuitsstayingintheirBrentwoodandBelAirvillas,andthecrewsdecamping.Everytimeafilmisshotinanotherstate,moreover,thelocalspickupskillsthatmakesubsequentshootseasier.InasignofhowdesperateLosAngelesisbecoming,thecityisnowconsideringofferingitsmosttreasuredresourcetocrewmembersatnocharge:

parkingplaces.

第二部分（新题型）

Text1

Graduatinghighschoolseniorslookingtoentertheworkforceandotherhighschoolstudentssearchingforsummerjobsarefacingatighterjobmarketthisyearastheoncered-hotU.S.economycontinuestocool.Nationally,thejoblessratefor16-to19-year-oldscontinuestorise.Theunemploymentrateforteenagershit14.2percentinApril,comparedwith12.8percentlastyear,accordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofLabor.

“It’sveryobviousthatit’sgoingtobealittleharderthissummer,becausebusinessesaremuch