欧洲文化入门.docx

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欧洲文化入门

1.希腊罗马

  Homer  Authorofepics

  SapphoLyricpoet

  三大悲剧家:

  Aeschylus

  Tragicdramatist

  Sophocles   Tragicdramatist

  Euripides   Tragicdramatist

  喜剧家:

  Aristophanes  Comedywriter

  历史学家:

  Herodotus wroteaboutwarsbetweenGreeksandPersians Fatherofhistory

  ThucydideswroteaboutwarsbetweenAthensandSpartaandAthensandSyracuse

  thegreatesthistorianthathaveeverlived

  哲学和科学:

  PythagorasAllthingswerenumbersfounderofscientificmathematics

  HeracleitueFireistheprimaryelement

  DemocritusMaterialist,oneoftheearliestexponentsoftheatomictheory

  SocratesDissectofoneself,virtuewashighworthoflife,dialecticalmethod

  PlatoManhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneralideas

  AristotleDirectobservation,theoryfollowfact,ideaandmattertogethermade

  concreteindividualrealities

  Euclid atextbookofgeometry

  Archimedeswhenabodyisimmersedinwateritslossofweightisequaltothe

  weightofthewaterdisplaced“GivemeaplacetostandandI‘llmove

  theWorld“

  OthersDiogenes(theCynics)Pyrrhon(theSceptics)Epicurus(theEpicureans)Zeno

  (theStoics)

  4thcenturyB.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander,kingofMacedon的领导下,5thcenturyB.C.达到顶峰,146B.C.被罗马攻克

  2.基督教和圣经

  Jews—以前叫Hebrews,3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠,1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及,开始他们的Exodus,他在Sinai山定了tencommandmentsinthenameofGod,40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine,knownasCanaan,Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入theoldTestament,6thcenturyB.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue(忧太集会)来发扬他们的教义。

  JesusChrist生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus,EmperorConstantine1于313年宣布基督教合法,EmperorTheodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。

  Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入theoldTestament,旧约包含39本书,写了从1000B.C.-100A.D.的事情,最重要的前五本是Pentateuch,旧约主要由Hebrew写成,theNewTestment主要是Greek的形式,包含14本书,最古老的LatinBible叫Vulgate,在1382年被JohnWycliff翻译成了英语,GreekBible叫Septuagint

  3.中世纪

  开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败

  5-11世纪

  aperiodinwhichclassical,HebrewandGothicheritagemerged

  1054,教堂分裂为theRomanCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch

  反击Moslems,开始了Crusades

  CharlesMartel给士兵们estatesknownasfiefsin732

  St.ThomasAquinas(Scholasticism)写了SummaTheologica,这本书sumsupalltheknowledgeofmedievaltheology他认为feudalhierarchy(层次,等级)ofsocietyisGod‘sruleThepoweroffeudalrulersisGod’swillPopeisChrist‘sPlenipotentiary

  CharlemagneandAlfredtheGreatencouragedlearningbysettingupmonasteryschools.TheycopiedvariousancientbooksandtranslatedtheLatinworksintothevenacular

  RogerBaconandExperimentalScience oneoftheearliestadvocatesofscientificresearch,calledforcarefulobservation

  Dante(但丁) 神曲oneofthelandmarksofworldliterature

  Chaucer firstmodernpoetinEnglishliterature

  4.文艺复兴与宗教改革

  14thand17thCenturyStartinginFlorenceandVenice

  Boccaccio thegreatestachievementofprosefictionin中世纪

  Petrarch Sonnet,fatherofmodernpoetry

  文艺复兴早期的艺术家:

  Giotto forerunnerofrenaissance

  Brunelleschishowedasystematicuseofperspective

  Donatello oneofthefirstartistsengagedinanatomy

  Giorgione madehappyuseofcolourschemestounifyhispictures

  意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家:

  DaVinci

  Michelangelo

  RaphaelKnownforhis

  TitianOilcolorthemostprolificofthegreatVenetianpaintersofWesternWorld

  Pre-LutherReligiousReformers

  JohnWycliffechiefforerunnerofthereformation,tookupthetranslationoftheBibleintoEnglishforthefirsttimein1382

  JanHusCzechReligiousleader

  JohnCalvin 基督教教义oneofthemostinfluentialtheologicalworksCalvinism

  Rabelais 拉伯雷 frenchwriter

  RonsardPleiade七星诗社代表人 法国第一个近代抒情诗人

  Montaigne 蒙田散文集FrenchWriter

  Cervantes fatherofmodernEuropeannovelspain

  ThomasMore Britishwriter

  Shakespeare作品包括》》> crownedliteratureofEngland代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就

  CopernicusThefatherofmodernastronomy现代天文学之父

  Vesalius markedthebeginningofanewerainthestudyofanatomy(解剖学)founderofmodernmedicine

  AldusManutiusforemostprinterinItaly

  MachiavelliFatherofpoliticalscience

  Vosari.

  1492,Columbus发现了America

  1487,Dias发现了thecapeofgoodhope

  1497,daGama发现了theroutetoIndiaroundtheCapeofGoodHope

  5.17世纪

  Copernicus 天体运行论Althoughhedidnotbelongtothe17thcenturyhewastheforerunnerofmodernmedicine

  KeplerKepler‘sLaw(thethreelawsofplanetarymotion)德国thethreelawsformedthebasisofallmodernplanetaryastronomyandledtoNewton’sdiscoveryofthelawsofgravitation

  Galileo意大利accelerationindynamics,thelawofinertia,thelawoffallingbodies动力加速度,惯性定律,落体定律

  Newton 英国

  Leibniz Distinguishesthreelevelsofunderstanding:

self-conscious(自我意识)conscious(意识)unconscious/subconscious(潜意识)他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人

  MiltonAreopagitica,

  Englishrevolution

  Bacon  Knowledgeispower英国反对deductivemethod,创立了inductivemethod认为哲学应该与神学分开

  Hobbes利维坦Materialist(knowledgecomefromexperience)SocialContract英国认为最好的统治方式是monarchy

  Locke 政治论Materialistviews(ideasderivedfromsensationorfromreflection)SocialContract

  英国在英国革命中有两个领袖,Cromwell和JohnMilton

  Cromwellthemanofaction

  JohnMiltonthemanofthought

  在英国文学史上rankswithShakespearandChaucer

  Descartes笛卡尔 CartesianDoubtIthinkthereforeIam 法国itisgenerallybelievedthatmodernphilosophybeginswithBaconinEnglandandDescartesinFrance

  Corneille高乃依熙得法国第一部古典主义悲剧,表现责任与爱情的冲突

  Racine

  thegreatesttragicdramatistofFrenchneoclassicaltheatre表现情感和理性的冲突

  Moliere达尔杜夫愤世嫉俗吝啬鬼thebestrepresentativedramatistofFrenchClassicalcomedies

  很多科学器械在被发明:

microscope,telescope,thermometer,barometer,pendulum

  1689,theBillofRights建立了theParliament至高无上的权利

  法国最著名的建筑:

PalaceofVersaillesGardenFront

  EastFrontoftheLouvre

  英国最著名建筑:

St.Paul‘sCathedral

  6.启蒙运动theageofreason

  18thcenturyintellectualmovementstartingfromFrance

  themostimportantforerunnersoftheenlightenmentweretwo17thcenturyEnglishmenJohnLockeandIssacNewton.Locke‘smaterialisttheoryandNewton’stheoryofgravitation

  MajorforceoftheenlightenmentisFrenchPhilosophes

  18世纪两大著名运动:

  TheAmericanWarofIndependence(1776)endedBritishcolonialruleovertheU.S.

  独立宣言

  TheFrenchRevolution(1789)endedtheFrenchMonarchyandthefirstFrenchRepublicwasbornin1792

  人权宣言

  FrenchPhilosophyandLiterature

  Montesquieu

  Separationofpowers

  法国启蒙运动的先驱

  Voltaire mostfamousofhisnovels

  Rousseau   oneofthegreatestfiguresofFrenchenlightenment

  Diderot

  EnglishLiterature

  PopespokesmaninverseoftheAgeofReason,translationofHomer,goodatheroiccouplet擅长英雄双韵体

  Defoeoneofthegreatestfictionwriterofthe18thcenturyEngland 鲁滨逊漂流记

  Swift theforemostsatiristintheEnglishlanguageandoneofthesatiricmastersofalltime

  HenryFielding FatheroftheEnglishnovel

  SamuelRichardsonThefounderofEnglishdomesticnovel

  SamuelJohnsoneditorof

  18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊TheTatler和TheSpectator,Addison和Steele经常在上面写文章

  GermanLiteratureandPhilosophy

  Lessing GermandramastistGermanclassicism

  Goethe  theGreatestGermanPoets

  Schiller

  afounderofmodernGermanliterature

  KantWaterheadofmodernphilosophyProposethenebularhypothesis

  TheMusicalEnlightenment

  J. S. BachChristianity MajormusiciansofthemusicalEnlightenment

  Handel亨德尔 beinghiscrowningmasterpiece

  BachandHandelshowedtheworldBaroquemusicalarchitectureatitsimposingbest

  TheBaroqueperiodwasfollowedbytheClassicalPeriod,roughlybetween1750and1820

  Haydn ClassicalperiodVienneseschool

  Mozart

  BeethovenoccupyaPivotalposition,leaninginmuchofhisworktowardstheRomanticMovementinMusic

  7.浪漫主义Romanticism

  late18thandearly19thcenturystartingfromtheideasofRouseauinFranceandfromtheStormandStressMovementinGermany

  TheenlightenmentbroughtabouttworevolutionsandtheycausedRomanticismtorise:

theFrenchRevolutionandtheIndustrialrevolution

  NeweconomicideaswereputforwardbyAdamSmithinhisbook,whichlaidthetheoreticalgroundworkforcapitalism.

  RomanticisminGermany

  TheStormandStressMovementpreparedthewayforEuropeanRomanticism

  GoethecombinedRomanticismwithClassicism

  ItwasLoveandIntriguethatmadeSchillerthebestdramatistfortheStormandStress

  TheJenaSchool:

SchlegelBrothers,NovalisandTieck

  Heine:

海涅在1836年发表>,宣告浪漫主义在德国文学中的统治地位的结束

  RomanticisminEnglandBlake:

  TheLakers:

WordsworthandColeridge

  Byron:

 isconsideredhismasterpiece thefactthatthe

  poetdiedfortheGreekcausesmadehimmorerespectedhispoemexpressed

  anardentloveoflibertyandafiercehatredoftyranny

  Shelley

  notedforhislyrics

  Keatsfamousforhissonnets

  WalterScott

  RomanticisminFrance

  Chateaubriand:

  VictorHugo:

法国浪漫主义文学的最重要的作家。

他于1827年发表的

  是法国浪漫主义运动的一篇重要宣言。

他的长篇小说巴黎圣母院 悲惨世界宣扬了“爱”与“仁慈”等人道主义精神。

Thegreatestpoetofhisday

  GeorgeSand:

法国浪漫主义文学最杰出的女作家

  RomanticisminItaly

  Manzoni:

约婚夫妇是意大利文学史上第一部以爱压迫的劳动人民为主人公的小说Leopardi:

 hewasthegreatestpoetofItalyRomanticism

  RomanticisminRussia

  RussiaRomanticismbeganthatway-adaptingFrenchplaysandtranslatingGermanandEnglishpoetry

  Pushkin:

俄国浪漫主义先锋(van)a

  Byroniccharacterhismasterpieceis创造了俄国文学中的第一个“多余的人”的典型

  Lermontov:

drawsafineportraitofPushkin

  RomanticisminPoland

  AdamMickiewicz:

 beginningofPolishRomanticism

  ishismasterpiece

  ArtandArchitecture

  GoyaSpanishpainterandetcher(蚀刻家)欧洲浪漫主义先驱

  DavidFrenchPainter

  Delacroix 代表着法国浪漫主义绘画的最高成就

  GericaultFrenchpainter

  TurnerEnglishlandscapepainter

  ConstableEnglishlandscapepainter

  TurnerandConstable代表了浪漫主义画派的最高成就

  Music

  早期浪漫主义音乐家:

  Beethoven(贝多芬)GermanComposer 

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