欧洲文化入门.docx
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欧洲文化入门
1.希腊罗马
Homer Authorofepics
SapphoLyricpoet
三大悲剧家:
Aeschylus
Tragicdramatist
Sophocles Tragicdramatist
Euripides Tragicdramatist
喜剧家:
Aristophanes Comedywriter
历史学家:
Herodotus wroteaboutwarsbetweenGreeksandPersians Fatherofhistory
ThucydideswroteaboutwarsbetweenAthensandSpartaandAthensandSyracuse
thegreatesthistorianthathaveeverlived
哲学和科学:
PythagorasAllthingswerenumbersfounderofscientificmathematics
HeracleitueFireistheprimaryelement
DemocritusMaterialist,oneoftheearliestexponentsoftheatomictheory
SocratesDissectofoneself,virtuewashighworthoflife,dialecticalmethod
PlatoManhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneralideas
AristotleDirectobservation,theoryfollowfact,ideaandmattertogethermade
concreteindividualrealities
Euclid atextbookofgeometry
Archimedeswhenabodyisimmersedinwateritslossofweightisequaltothe
weightofthewaterdisplaced“GivemeaplacetostandandI‘llmove
theWorld“
OthersDiogenes(theCynics)Pyrrhon(theSceptics)Epicurus(theEpicureans)Zeno
(theStoics)
4thcenturyB.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander,kingofMacedon的领导下,5thcenturyB.C.达到顶峰,146B.C.被罗马攻克
2.基督教和圣经
Jews—以前叫Hebrews,3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠,1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及,开始他们的Exodus,他在Sinai山定了tencommandmentsinthenameofGod,40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine,knownasCanaan,Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入theoldTestament,6thcenturyB.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue(忧太集会)来发扬他们的教义。
JesusChrist生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus,EmperorConstantine1于313年宣布基督教合法,EmperorTheodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。
Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入theoldTestament,旧约包含39本书,写了从1000B.C.-100A.D.的事情,最重要的前五本是Pentateuch,旧约主要由Hebrew写成,theNewTestment主要是Greek的形式,包含14本书,最古老的LatinBible叫Vulgate,在1382年被JohnWycliff翻译成了英语,GreekBible叫Septuagint
3.中世纪
开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败
5-11世纪
aperiodinwhichclassical,HebrewandGothicheritagemerged
1054,教堂分裂为theRomanCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch
反击Moslems,开始了Crusades
CharlesMartel给士兵们estatesknownasfiefsin732
St.ThomasAquinas(Scholasticism)写了SummaTheologica,这本书sumsupalltheknowledgeofmedievaltheology他认为feudalhierarchy(层次,等级)ofsocietyisGod‘sruleThepoweroffeudalrulersisGod’swillPopeisChrist‘sPlenipotentiary
CharlemagneandAlfredtheGreatencouragedlearningbysettingupmonasteryschools.TheycopiedvariousancientbooksandtranslatedtheLatinworksintothevenacular
RogerBaconandExperimentalScience oneoftheearliestadvocatesofscientificresearch,calledforcarefulobservation
Dante(但丁) 神曲oneofthelandmarksofworldliterature
Chaucer firstmodernpoetinEnglishliterature
4.文艺复兴与宗教改革
14thand17thCenturyStartinginFlorenceandVenice
Boccaccio thegreatestachievementofprosefictionin中世纪
Petrarch Sonnet,fatherofmodernpoetry
文艺复兴早期的艺术家:
Giotto forerunnerofrenaissance
Brunelleschishowedasystematicuseofperspective
Donatello oneofthefirstartistsengagedinanatomy
Giorgione madehappyuseofcolourschemestounifyhispictures
意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家:
DaVinci
Michelangelo
RaphaelKnownforhis
TitianOilcolorthemostprolificofthegreatVenetianpaintersofWesternWorld
Pre-LutherReligiousReformers
JohnWycliffechiefforerunnerofthereformation,tookupthetranslationoftheBibleintoEnglishforthefirsttimein1382
JanHusCzechReligiousleader
JohnCalvin 基督教教义oneofthemostinfluentialtheologicalworksCalvinism
Rabelais 拉伯雷 frenchwriter
RonsardPleiade七星诗社代表人 法国第一个近代抒情诗人
Montaigne 蒙田散文集FrenchWriter
Cervantes fatherofmodernEuropeannovelspain
ThomasMore Britishwriter
Shakespeare作品包括》》> crownedliteratureofEngland代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就
CopernicusThefatherofmodernastronomy现代天文学之父
Vesalius markedthebeginningofanewerainthestudyofanatomy(解剖学)founderofmodernmedicine
AldusManutiusforemostprinterinItaly
MachiavelliFatherofpoliticalscience
Vosari.
1492,Columbus发现了America
1487,Dias发现了thecapeofgoodhope
1497,daGama发现了theroutetoIndiaroundtheCapeofGoodHope
5.17世纪
Copernicus 天体运行论Althoughhedidnotbelongtothe17thcenturyhewastheforerunnerofmodernmedicine
KeplerKepler‘sLaw(thethreelawsofplanetarymotion)德国thethreelawsformedthebasisofallmodernplanetaryastronomyandledtoNewton’sdiscoveryofthelawsofgravitation
Galileo意大利accelerationindynamics,thelawofinertia,thelawoffallingbodies动力加速度,惯性定律,落体定律
Newton 英国
Leibniz Distinguishesthreelevelsofunderstanding:
self-conscious(自我意识)conscious(意识)unconscious/subconscious(潜意识)他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人
MiltonAreopagitica,
Englishrevolution
Bacon Knowledgeispower英国反对deductivemethod,创立了inductivemethod认为哲学应该与神学分开
Hobbes利维坦Materialist(knowledgecomefromexperience)SocialContract英国认为最好的统治方式是monarchy
Locke 政治论Materialistviews(ideasderivedfromsensationorfromreflection)SocialContract
英国在英国革命中有两个领袖,Cromwell和JohnMilton
Cromwellthemanofaction
JohnMiltonthemanofthought
在英国文学史上rankswithShakespearandChaucer
Descartes笛卡尔 CartesianDoubtIthinkthereforeIam 法国itisgenerallybelievedthatmodernphilosophybeginswithBaconinEnglandandDescartesinFrance
Corneille高乃依熙得法国第一部古典主义悲剧,表现责任与爱情的冲突
Racine
thegreatesttragicdramatistofFrenchneoclassicaltheatre表现情感和理性的冲突
Moliere达尔杜夫愤世嫉俗吝啬鬼thebestrepresentativedramatistofFrenchClassicalcomedies
很多科学器械在被发明:
microscope,telescope,thermometer,barometer,pendulum
1689,theBillofRights建立了theParliament至高无上的权利
法国最著名的建筑:
PalaceofVersaillesGardenFront
EastFrontoftheLouvre
英国最著名建筑:
St.Paul‘sCathedral
6.启蒙运动theageofreason
18thcenturyintellectualmovementstartingfromFrance
themostimportantforerunnersoftheenlightenmentweretwo17thcenturyEnglishmenJohnLockeandIssacNewton.Locke‘smaterialisttheoryandNewton’stheoryofgravitation
MajorforceoftheenlightenmentisFrenchPhilosophes
18世纪两大著名运动:
TheAmericanWarofIndependence(1776)endedBritishcolonialruleovertheU.S.
独立宣言
TheFrenchRevolution(1789)endedtheFrenchMonarchyandthefirstFrenchRepublicwasbornin1792
人权宣言
FrenchPhilosophyandLiterature
Montesquieu
Separationofpowers
法国启蒙运动的先驱
Voltaire mostfamousofhisnovels
Rousseau oneofthegreatestfiguresofFrenchenlightenment
Diderot
EnglishLiterature
PopespokesmaninverseoftheAgeofReason,translationofHomer,goodatheroiccouplet擅长英雄双韵体
Defoeoneofthegreatestfictionwriterofthe18thcenturyEngland 鲁滨逊漂流记
Swift theforemostsatiristintheEnglishlanguageandoneofthesatiricmastersofalltime
HenryFielding FatheroftheEnglishnovel
SamuelRichardsonThefounderofEnglishdomesticnovel
SamuelJohnsoneditorof
18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊TheTatler和TheSpectator,Addison和Steele经常在上面写文章
GermanLiteratureandPhilosophy
Lessing GermandramastistGermanclassicism
Goethe theGreatestGermanPoets
Schiller
afounderofmodernGermanliterature
KantWaterheadofmodernphilosophyProposethenebularhypothesis
TheMusicalEnlightenment
J. S. BachChristianity MajormusiciansofthemusicalEnlightenment
Handel亨德尔 beinghiscrowningmasterpiece
BachandHandelshowedtheworldBaroquemusicalarchitectureatitsimposingbest
TheBaroqueperiodwasfollowedbytheClassicalPeriod,roughlybetween1750and1820
Haydn ClassicalperiodVienneseschool
Mozart
BeethovenoccupyaPivotalposition,leaninginmuchofhisworktowardstheRomanticMovementinMusic
7.浪漫主义Romanticism
late18thandearly19thcenturystartingfromtheideasofRouseauinFranceandfromtheStormandStressMovementinGermany
TheenlightenmentbroughtabouttworevolutionsandtheycausedRomanticismtorise:
theFrenchRevolutionandtheIndustrialrevolution
NeweconomicideaswereputforwardbyAdamSmithinhisbook,whichlaidthetheoreticalgroundworkforcapitalism.
RomanticisminGermany
TheStormandStressMovementpreparedthewayforEuropeanRomanticism
GoethecombinedRomanticismwithClassicism
ItwasLoveandIntriguethatmadeSchillerthebestdramatistfortheStormandStress
TheJenaSchool:
SchlegelBrothers,NovalisandTieck
Heine:
海涅在1836年发表>,宣告浪漫主义在德国文学中的统治地位的结束
RomanticisminEnglandBlake:
TheLakers:
WordsworthandColeridge
Byron:
isconsideredhismasterpiece thefactthatthe
poetdiedfortheGreekcausesmadehimmorerespectedhispoemexpressed
anardentloveoflibertyandafiercehatredoftyranny
Shelley
notedforhislyrics
Keatsfamousforhissonnets
WalterScott
RomanticisminFrance
Chateaubriand:
VictorHugo:
法国浪漫主义文学的最重要的作家。
他于1827年发表的
是法国浪漫主义运动的一篇重要宣言。
他的长篇小说巴黎圣母院 悲惨世界宣扬了“爱”与“仁慈”等人道主义精神。
Thegreatestpoetofhisday
GeorgeSand:
法国浪漫主义文学最杰出的女作家
RomanticisminItaly
Manzoni:
约婚夫妇是意大利文学史上第一部以爱压迫的劳动人民为主人公的小说Leopardi:
hewasthegreatestpoetofItalyRomanticism
RomanticisminRussia
RussiaRomanticismbeganthatway-adaptingFrenchplaysandtranslatingGermanandEnglishpoetry
Pushkin:
俄国浪漫主义先锋(van)a
Byroniccharacterhismasterpieceis创造了俄国文学中的第一个“多余的人”的典型
Lermontov:
drawsafineportraitofPushkin
RomanticisminPoland
AdamMickiewicz:
beginningofPolishRomanticism
ishismasterpiece
ArtandArchitecture
GoyaSpanishpainterandetcher(蚀刻家)欧洲浪漫主义先驱
DavidFrenchPainter
Delacroix 代表着法国浪漫主义绘画的最高成就
GericaultFrenchpainter
TurnerEnglishlandscapepainter
ConstableEnglishlandscapepainter
TurnerandConstable代表了浪漫主义画派的最高成就
Music
早期浪漫主义音乐家:
Beethoven(贝多芬)GermanComposer