A paraphrase is a restatement of a source in about the same number of words.docx

A paraphrase is a restatement of a source in about the same number of words.docx

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Aparaphraseisarestatementofasourceinaboutthesamenumberofwords

Aparaphraseisarestatementofasourceinaboutthesamenumberofwords.Paraphrasingenablesyoutodemonstratethatyouhaveunderstoodyourreading;italsoenablesyoutohelpyouraudienceunderstandtheresultsofyourreading.Themostcommonreasonforparaphrasingistorestatedifficultmaterialmoresimply.

Yourrestatementofsomeoneelse’swordsshouldhonortwoimportantprinciples:

yourversionshouldbealmostentirelyinyourownwords,andyourwordsshouldaccuratelyconveythecontentoftheoriginalpassage.Ifyousimplychangeafewwordsinapassage,youhavenotadequatelyrestatedit.Asyoucomparethesourcebelowwiththeparaphrasethatfollows,noticedifferencesinsentencestructureaswellaswordchoice.

Example:

Source（fromWaldenbyHenryDavidThoreau,page109）

Mostmen,eveninthiscomparativelyfreecountry,throughmereignoranceandmistake,aresooccupiedwiththefactitiouscaresandsuperfluouslycoarselaborsoflifethatitsfinerfruitscannotbepluckedbythem.

Paraphrase

Thoreauarguedthatmostpeoplemisssomeofthebestpleasuresinlifebecausetheymakethemistakeofworkingunnecessarilyhardandworryingaboutunimportantproblems（109）.

HowtoParaphrase

Itisnottruethatonlydirectquotationsneedtobecited.Failuretoacknowledgethesourceofanindirectquotationorparaphraseisalsoaformofplagiarism.

Paraphrasemeansyourestatetheauthor’sidea,meaning,andinformationinyourownwords.

MethodsofParaphrasing

Lookawayfromthesourceandthenwrite.Readthetextyouwanttoparaphraseseveraltimesuntilyouunderstanditandcanuseyourownwordstorestateit.Thenlookawayfromtheoriginalandrewriteinyourownwords.Thinkofwhatyourownwordswouldbeifyouweretellingsomeoneunfamiliarwiththetopic.

Takenotes.Takeabbreviatednotes;setthenotesasidethenparaphrasefromthenotesadayorsolater.

Whilelookingatthesource,firstchangethesentencestructure,thenthewords.

Butremember,nomatterhowmuchyouchangeit,youstillmustCITEit!

FurtherReadingMaterialonHowtoParaphraseasource

Howtoparaphraseasource

Generaladvice

1.Whenreadingapassage,tryfirsttounderstanditasawhole,ratherthanpausingtowritedownspecificideasorphrases.

2.Beselective.Unlessyourassignmentistodoaformalor"literal"paraphrase,youusuallydon?

tneedtoparaphraseanentirepassage;instead,chooseandsummarizethematerialthathelpsyoumakeapointinyourpaper.

3.Thinkofwhat"yourownwords"wouldbeifyouweretellingsomeonewho'sunfamiliarwithyoursubject（yourmother,yourbrother,afriend）whattheoriginalsourcesaid.

4.Rememberthatyoucanusedirectquotationsofphrasesfromtheoriginalwithinyourparaphrase,andthatyoudon'tneedtochangeorputquotationmarksaroundsharedlanguage.

MethodsofParaphrasing

A.Lookawayfromthesource

thenwrite.Readthetextyouwanttoparaphraseseveraltimesuntilyoufeelthatyouunderstanditandcanuseyourownwordstorestateittosomeoneelse.Then,lookawayfromtheoriginalandrewritethetextinyourownwords.

B.Takenotes.Takeabbreviatednotes;setthenotesaside;thenparaphrasefromthenotesadayorsolater,orwhenyoudraft.

Ifyoufindthatyoucan'tdoAorB,thismaymeanthatyoudon'tunderstandthepassagecompletelyorthatyouneedtouseamorestructuredprocessuntilyouhavemoreexperienceinparaphrasing.

Themethodbelowisnotonlyawaytocreateaparaphrasebutalsoawaytounderstandadifficulttext.

C.Whilelookingatthesource,firstchangethestructure,thenthewords.Forexample,considerthefollowingpassagefromLoveandToil（abookonmotherhoodinLondonfrom1870to1918）,inwhichtheauthor,EllenRoss,putsforthoneofhermajorarguments:

LoveandToilmaintainsthatfamilysurvivalwasthemother'smainchargeamongthelargemajorityofLondon?

spopulationwhowerepoororworkingclass;theemotionalandintellectualnurtureofherchildorchildrenandeventheiractualcomfortwereforcedintothebackground.Tomotherwastoworkforandorganizehouseholdsubsistence.（p.9）

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Changethestructure

Beginbystartingatadifferentplaceinthepassageand/orsentence（s）,basingyourchoiceonthefocusofyourpaper.Thiswillleadnaturallytosomechangesinwording.Someplacesyoumightstartinthepassageaboveare"Themother'smaincharge,""Amongthe...poororworkingclass,""Workingforandorganizinghouseholdsubsistence,"or"Theemotionalandintellectualnurture."Oryoucouldbeginwithoneofthepeoplethepassageisabout:

"Mothers,""Amother,""Children,""Achild."Focusingonspecificpeopleratherthanabstractionswillmakeyourparaphrasemorereadable.

Atthisstage,youmightalsobreakuplongsentences,combineshortones,expandphrasesforclarity,orshortenthemforconciseness,oryoumightdothisinanadditionalstep.Inthisprocess,you'llnaturallyeliminatesomewordsandchangeothers.

Here'soneofthemanywaysyoumightgetstartedwithaparaphraseofthepassageabovebychangingitsstructure.Inthiscase,thefocusofthepaperistheeffectofeconomicstatusonchildrenattheturnofthecentury,sothewriterbeginswithchildren:

Childrenofthepoorattheturnofthecenturyreceivedlittleifanyemotionalorintellectualnurturingfromtheirmothers,whosemainchargewasfamilysurvival.Workingforandorganizinghouseholdsubsistencewerewhatdefinedmothering.Nexttothis,eventhechildren'sbasiccomfortwasforcedintothebackground（Ross,1995）.

Nowyou'vesucceededinchangingthestructure,butthepassagestillcontainsmanydirectquotations,soyouneedtogoontothesecondstep.

Changethewords

Usesynonymsoraphrasethatexpressesthesamemeaning.Leavesharedlanguageunchanged.

It'simportanttostartbychangingthestructure,notthewords,butyoumightfindthatasyouchangethewords,youseewaystochangethestructurefurther.Thefinalparaphrasemightlooklikethis:

AccordingtoRoss（1993）,poorchildrenattheturnofthecenturyreceivedlittlemotheringinoursenseoftheterm.Motheringwasdefinedbyeconomicstatus,andamongthepoor,amother'sforemostresponsibilitywasnottostimulateherchildren'smindsorfostertheiremotionalgrowthbuttoprovidefoodandsheltertomeetthebasicrequirementsforphysicalsurvival.Giventhemagnitudeofthistask,childrenweredeprivedofeventhe"actualcomfort"（p.9）weexpectmotherstoprovidetoday.

Youmayneedtogothroughthisprocessseveraltimestocreateasatisfactoryparaphrase.

ProcessforWritingaSummary

Asummaryisaconciserestatement（shorterthantheoriginalsource）.Anessentialskillforwritingresearchpapers,summarizingenableswriterstoreporttheworkofotherswithoutgettingboggeddowninunnecessarydetail.Summarizewheneveryoucansavespacebycondensingapassage（or,insomecases,anentirework）.

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1.ReadwiththeWriter'sPurposeinMind

Readthearticlecarefully,makingnonotesormarksandlookingonlyforwhatthewriterissaying.

Afteryou'vefinishedreading,writedowninonesentencethepointthatismadeaboutthesubject.Thenlookforthewriter'sthesisandunderlineit.

Doesthisthesiscorrespondwiththesentenceyouwrotedown?

Ifnot,adjustyoursentenceorreconsiderthethesisyouselected.

Lookatthearticleagainandaskyourselfifyourviewisslantedtowardoneoftheessay'sminorpoints.Ifitis,adjustyoursentencesothatitisslantedtowardthewriter'smajorpoint.

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2.UnderlinewithSummarizinginMind

Onceyouclearlyunderstandthewriter'smajorpoint（orpurpose）forwriting,readthearticleagain.Thistimeunderlinethemajorpointssupportingthethesis;theseshouldbewordsorphraseshereandthereratherthancompletesentences.

Inaddition,underlinekeytransitionalelementswhichshowhowpartsareconnected.Omitspecificdetails,examples,description,andunnecessaryexplanations.Note:

youmayneedtogothroughthearticletwiceinordertopickupeverythingyouneed.

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3.Write,Revise,andEdittoEnsuretheAccuracyandCorrectnessofYourSummary

WritingYourSummary

Nowbeginwritingyoursummary.Startwithasentencenamingthewriterandarticletitleandstatingtheessay'smainidea.Thenwriteyoursummary,omittingnothingimportantandstrivingforoverallcoherencethroughappropriatetransitions.

OPTION1

Thearticle"GoldandSilver,"byJoeLawrence,foundintheSeptember3,2002issueofNewsweekonpages29-32,statesthatgoldandsilverarestillthepreciousmetalstoinvestinbecausetheirvaluenevergoesdown.

OPTION2

JoeLawrencestatesin"GoldandSilver,"Newsweek;September3,2002;pgs.29-3.）,thatgoldandsilverarestillthepreciousmetalstoinvestinbecausetheirvaluenevergoesdown.

OPTION3

Inthearticle"GoldandSilver,"（Newsweek;September3,2002;pgs.29-3.））JoeLawrencestatesthatgoldandsilverarestillthepreciousmetalstoinvestinbecausetheirvaluenevergoesdown.

OPTION4

Thearticle"GoldandSilver,"byJoeLawrence,foundinNewsweek,September3,2002,pages29-32,statesthatgoldandsilverarestillthepreciousmetalstoinvestinbeca