新概念第三册语法.docx
《新概念第三册语法.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《新概念第三册语法.docx(41页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
新概念第三册语法
新概念第三册语法
新概念英语第三册语法总结:
定语从句
1.由关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which;关系副词when,
where,why引导。
(下面十个句子请读5遍并脱口译出!
)
e.g.1.Thedeathnoticestellusaboutpeoplewhohavediedduringtheweek.
2.Theman(whom)youspoketojustnowismyfriend.
3.Thebuildingwhoselightsareonisbeautiful.
4.Pleasefindaplacewhichwecanhaveaprivatetalkin.
5.Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.
6.Hestillremembersthedaywhenhewenttoschool.
7.Itisnoneedtellingusthereasonwhyyoudidn'tfinishitintime.
8.Hehasthreesons,twoofwhomdiedinthewar.
9.Mr.Smith,whosewifeisaclerk,teachesusEnglish.
10.IntheSundaypapertherearecomics,whichchildrenenjoy.
2.只能用that和who引导的定语从句
A.all,nothing,anything,afew,one做先行词指物时
B.先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时,后面常跟that而不是which
C.先行词前有theonly,thefirst,thelast,thenext,thevery等词修饰时,引导词只能用that
D.当先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody时,后面要用who或whom
e.g.Allthatglittersisnotgold.闪光的并非都是金子。
3.as引导定语从句
A.引导限制性语从句。
在此类定语从句中,as常与主语中作为其先行词的such,thesame或as联用构成,"such…as","thesame...as"和"as...as"句型,可代替先行词。
e.g.Wehopetogetsuchatoolasheisusing.我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。
B.as引导非限制性定语从句时,作用与which相同,as作为关系代词代替整个主句。
(这是语法考试的一个考点。
)
注意区别:
as引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后,而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。
e.g.Asisreported,aforeigndelegationwillvisitthecity.据报道,一个外国代表团将访问这个城市。
重点词汇
joint[d?
?
it]n.接合;关节;指餐馆、酒吧、夜总会和俱乐部等消遣的地方a.连接的,接合的;联合的,共同的;合办的vt.连接,结合;切断comics['k?
mik]n.连环图画,喜剧演员,杂耍滑稽演员a.滑稽的,有趣的,喜剧的
delegation[del?
'gei?
?
n]n.代表团,派遣委员团,派遣代表新概念英语第三册语法总结:
状语从句作文联接词及词组
1原因:
because,since,nowthat(既然)as,for,thisreason…
2结果:
sothat,so,therefore,consequently,soasto,asaresult...
3时间:
after,before,when,while,as,until,assoonas,since,bythetime,once,lately,presently,shortlyafter,currently,atpresent,nowadays...
4条件:
if,onlyif,once,unless,intheevent(that),incase(that),providedthat,ontheconditionthat...
5让步:
though,although,eventhough(if),nomatterwhat/how/when^whatever/however/whenever...
6目的:
inorderthat,inorderto,to,
7比较:
than,as...as,bycomparison(相比较),bycontrast(相对照)...
新概念英语第三册语法总结:
名词性从句20110719通常由that或疑问词导出。
1.Howsomemammalscametoliveintheseaisnotknow.(主语从句)
2.Theattorneytoldhisclientthattheyhadlittlechanceofwinningthecase.(宾语从句)
3.Theproblemiswhatwe'lldonext.(表语从句)
4.Wehavenoideathathehascomeback.(同位语从句)
同位语(Appositive):
同位语是英语语法的重点内容,也是各类考试中的一个考点,同时,在写作中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。
《新概念英语》第三册第一课有这样一个句子:
WhenreportscameintoLondonzoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.(当伦敦动物园接到报告说,在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时,这些报告并没有受到重视。
)
在这里,awildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthof
London就是同位语从句,它本来应该放在“reports后面,这里却
被放在了谓语成分cameintoLondonzoo的后面,目的是让句型显得更为稳重。
I.简单记忆:
同位语从句,就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。
IwasgreatlyshockedwhenIheardthenewsthathisfatherdiedyesterday.(that引导的句子解释了news的内容,注意:
that不做任何成分)
Wehavetofacethefactthattheweatherisunexpectedlybad.(that引导的句子解释了fact的内容)
II.联想记忆:
能接同位词从句的名词有:
belief(信仰),fact,idea,doubt,rumor
(谣言),evidenee(证据),conclusion(结论),suggestion(建议),problem,order,answer,discovery(发现)explanation(解释),principle(原则),possibility(可能性),truth,promise(承诺),report(报告),statement(声明),knowledge(知识),opinion(观点)‘likelihood(可能性)
III.王牌要点:
•同位语一般由that引导,但也可以用关系代词which,who,what
和关系副词when,where,why,how或whether引导。
Therearousethequestionwhetherwecouldwinthegame.
Ihavenoideahowtoexplainit.
•一些介词词组后面也能引导同位语从句。
(非常经典之功能句式,可用于四六级和托福作文,不妨一试!
)
ontheassumption(在前提下),
ontheground(由于原因),
ontheconditionthat(在条件下),
withtheexception(有例外)
owingtothefact(由于事实),
ontheunderstanding(基于理解)
e.g.Theyoungladypromisedtomarrytheoldmanontheconditionthatheboughtheravilla.(那位年轻的女士答应嫁给那位老头,条件是他给她买一幢别墅。
)
IV.分隔式同位语从句为了使句型平衡不至于头重脚轻,有时同位语从句可以放到句子的末尾,(读两遍此定义,然后看倒句:
)
Anideacametohimthathemightwritetohertoaskmoreinformationaboutthematter.
IgotinformationfrommyfriendthattherewillbeamarvelousAmericanmovie"Titanic".
V.同位语从句与定语从句之区别
简单记忆:
定语从句的引导词that或which在句子中用作主语或宾语,而同位语从句的引导词that只起连接主句和从句之作用,不用作任何成分。
e.g.I'vegotananswerthatAisright.(同位语从句,that不做成分)I'vegotananswerthatsurprisedmealot.(定语从句,that做定语从句的主语)
VI.王牌重点:
可以充当同位语的词组或短语。
1)名词短语。
(使句型更为简洁)
BillClinton,thepresidentofAmerica,cametoChinatopayanofficialvisitin1998.
LuXun,oneofthegreatestessayistsinChina,playedanoverwhelminglyimportantroleinChineseliteraturehistory.
2)动名词词组亦可用作同位语:
别忘了加逗号。
(使句型更为流畅)I'mcrazyaboutthegame,playingbaseball.
Goingtoconcert,thatsoundsagreatidea.
3)不定式短语。
(陌生只是掌握的开始)
Theproblemwhattodonextremainsunsolved.
Herclaimtohavefinishedhisworkisnothingbutawhitelie.
4)形容词词组。
(有逗号隔开)
Alltheworkers,youngorold,shouldbetreatedequally.
Youngman,shortortall,shouldhavetherighttotaketheopportunity.
VII.同位语的引导词。
(重要!
这是中高级写作中不可缺少的引导成分)
引导词用来表示同位语与它所说明的同位成分之间的关系:
1.namely,thatitis,thatistosay(也就是说),inotherwords(换句话说),or,forshort表示等同关系。
2.suchas,say,sotospeak(譬如说),including(包括),forinstanee(或forexample(e.g./eg),表示举例和列举关系。
3.especially,mostly,chiefly,orbetter,inparticular,particularly表示
突出重点,(在高难度阅读中表示后面的部分为更重要或更突出的部分,是出题的关键点。
)
重点词汇
attorney[?
't?
:
ni]n.代理人,律师
client['klai?
nt]n.客户,顾客,委托人n.客户,客户端(律师等的)当事人客户机用户端
unexpectedly['?
niks'pektidli]ad.意外地
overwhelmingly['?
uv?
'hwelmi?
li]ad.压倒性地,不可抵抗地opportunity['?
p?
'tju:
niti]n.机会,机遇,凑巧,方便particular[p?
'tikjul?
]a.特别的,特殊的,详细的,挑剔的,苛求的n.细节,细目,详情essayist['eseiist]n.随笔作家,评论家新概念英语第三册语法总结:
虚拟语气虚拟语气用来表达不可能或难以实现的愿望,与事实相反的假设,通常分为基本的三种形式。
1.与现在事实相反的虚拟:
If+did/were+...,...would/should/could/might+do(动词原形)
IfIwereyou,Iwouldgoabroadatonce.(Iamnotyou.)
Ifheknewitnow,hecouldhelpme.(Hedoesn'tknowitnow.)
2.与过去事实相反的虚拟:
If+haddone+...,...would(might)havedone...
IfIhadknownyourtelephonenumberyesterday,Iwouldhavephonedyou.(Ididn'tknowyourtelephonenumber.)
Ifyouhadcomeherealittleearlierjustnow,youmighthavemether.(Youdidn'tcomehereearlier.)
3.与将来事实相反的虚拟:
(1)If+should+v.,...would+v.(可能性很小)(译作“万一”)
Ifitshouldraintomorrow,youcouldstayathome.
IfIshouldfail,whatshouldIdo?
(2)If+did/wereto+v...,would+v.(完全不可能)
Ifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldlendyouthemoney.
Ifyoufinisheditin3minutes,Iwouldgiveyoumycar.
4.特殊重点
[简单联想记忆]:
•下列动词后的“宾语从句”中需要用虚拟形式,即should+动词原形,shoud在美国英语中要省略(TOEFL语法考点)。
此类常见的动词有:
order,ask,decide,demand,require,recommend,suggest(建议),insist(坚决要求),advise,etc.
Hesuggestedthatwe(should)helpthemwithEnglish.
Theteacherorderedthatthehomework(should)befinishedwithinhalfanhour.
•下列名词后的同位语从句中要用“should+动词原形”(should可省去)的虚拟。
此类常见的名词有:
suggestion,order,request,demand,importance,proposal.
Hemadeasuggestionthatwe(should)haveafancydressparty.
Ithinkitisathingofimportancethatit(should)bedonesoon.
•Itis/wasimportant/necessary/natural/essential/advisable/strange/surprising,ect.+that+主语+should+v.
Itisstrangethatyoushouldsaysuchathing.
Itwasimportantthatyoushouldtellmealltheinformation.
•wish后的宾语从句中,asif后的状语从句中,须用下列的虚拟形式:
主+wish+(that)+主+did/were(指现在)haddone(指过去)
would+v.(指将来)
IwishthatImetmyunclenow.
IwishIhadmetmyuncleyesterday.
IwishIcouldmeetmyuncletomorrow.
•Itis(high)timethat...+did/were...
Itistimethatyouwenttobed.
•wouldratherthat...+did/were...
Iwouldratherthatyouwerenotherenow.
•wouldsoonerthat...+did/were...
Iwouldsoonerthatyougotupearlier.
Iwouldsoonerthatyouwerenotmybrother.
重点词汇
demand[di'ma:
nd]vt.要求请求;要求知道查问;需要n.C要求,请求;U需要需求
insist[in'sist]vi.坚持;坚决要求,定要vt.坚持;坚决要求,定要proposal[pr?
'p?
uz?
l]n.建议,提议;求婚;提案
新概念英语第三册语法总结:
代替与省略英语中,为了避免不必要的重复,经常用so,not,to,do,does代替前面出现的动词或相关内容。
(1)从上两例中看出,do/does/did代替动词。
HetranslatedthearticlebetterthanIdid.(did代替wroteit)
—Doyouthinksheisclever?
—Ithinkso.(so代替sheisclever)
(2)"so与not"代替某个词、短语、句子等,通常用于hope,think,believe,expect,suppose,beafraid,fear,imagine,etc后作宾语。
—Isitcorrect?
—I'mafraidnot.(notcorrect)
(3)"to"用作不定式,常跟随下列动词:
want,mean,hope,expect,refuse,seem,intend,be,afraid,etc.
Iaskedhimtogototheparty,butherefusedto.(gototheparty)
(4)"doso,dothat,doit"用来代替动态动词,而不能代静态动词。
—HegaveupstudyingEnglish.
—Whydidhedoso?
(=giveupstudyingEnglish)
—Thedishtastesnice.
—Yes,soitdoes.(tastesnice)
(此句不能用itdoesit或itdoesso,因taste属静态动词。
)
(5)为使语言精炼,避免不必要的重复,对话中常用省略形式。
—Heisthinkingofbuyingacar?
—Ishe?
(这里,“thinkingofbuyingacar被省略了”。
)—Willhecomebackintime?
—Perhaps.(省略了hewillcomebackintime.)新概念英语第三册语法总结:
倒装根据语法要求,把谓语动词置于主语前,称为完全倒装,把助动词或情态动词置于主语前,称为部分倒装。
1.副词如:
in,out,down,there,here,off,over,away,etc.句子倒装。
(完全倒装,但主语不能是代词)
Downjumpedthemurdererfromthetenthfloor.
IncameMissGreen.
特别注意:
当主语是人称代词时不倒装。
Awayshewent!
(她走了!
)
Hereyouare!
(你在这儿!
)
2.only+副词(介词短语)位于句首,句子要倒装。
Onlythendidherealizethathewasmistaken.
Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceedindoinganything.
3.well,so,often,such,few,little放于句首,句子形成倒装。
Sofinewastheweatherthatweallwentoutlyinginthesun.
WelldidIknowhimandwelldidheknowme.
4.否定词或具有否定意义的词及词组用在句首时,句子须倒装。
此类词有:
neither,nor,hardly,scarcely,rarely,seldom,not,never,notonly,barely,atnot