新加坡初二地理复习资料.docx

新加坡初二地理复习资料.docx

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新加坡初二地理复习资料

Secondary2GeographyMid-YearRevision

Unit1ThehumanEnvironment

Thehumanenvironmentevolveswhenmanmadechangestothephysicalenvironmenttocarryoutactivitiessuchasagriculture,industriesandbusiness.

PopulationandSettlements

Theformationofsettlementsisanaturalconsequenceofpeoplelivingtogether.

-Agriculture

Peopleneedfoodtosurvive.Peoplegrowcropsonfertilesoilandrearanimalsonrichpastures.

-TransportandCommunication

Movingfuels,rawmaterials,agricultureproduce,andmanufacturedgoods.

PhysicalEnvironmentAffectingPopulationAndSettlements

~liketoliveoncoastallowlandsandlargerivervalleysastheseareassuitableforfarmingandtransportlinks.

~densesettlementsaredeveloped

~fewerpeopleliveinharshenvironmentssuchashighlands,desertsandpolarregions

PhysicalEnvironmentAffectingAgriculture

~largerivervalleymostattractivelocationforagriculture

~floodplainhasaflatrelieffertilesoilandgoodwatersupply

~plainsandprairiesusedforfarming

~slopedofvolcanoesarerichwithfertilesoil

PhysicalEnvironmentAffectingTransportation

~rivers,coastalareasandlowlandsaffectthedevelopmentoftransportation

~useriverstomovepeopleandgoodsledtothedevelopmentofriverports

~coastalsitesfavourthedevelopmentofseaports

~lowlandidealforconstructingrailwayandroadnetwork

Unit2WorldPopulation

TheworldpopulationreferstothenumberofpeoplelivingontheEarth.

FactorsAffectingPopulationGrowth

Populationgrowthisaffectedbybirthsanddeaths.Thepopulationgrowswhenthenumberofbirthsisgreaterthanthenumberofdeaths.Thisgrowthinpopulationisknownasnaturalpopulationincrease.

Birthratereferstothenumberoflivebirthsper1000peopleinayear.

Deathratereferstothenumberofdeathsper1000peopleinayear.

Naturalincrease=Birthrate-Deathrate

PopulationDistribution

~referstothespreadofpeopleinanarea

Populationdensity

~thepopulationdensityofaplacecanbedescribedasthetotalnumberofpeoplelivinginasquarekilometreofland.

Populationdensity=Totalpopulation[people]/Area[km2]

FactorsAffectingPopulationDistributionAndDensity

Physicalfactors

~relief（flatland）

~climate（conducivetemperatures）

~soil（fertilesoil）

~mineralresources（ironorgold）

HumanandEconomicfactors

~miningandindustry（oilminingandsteelmanufacturing）

~commerce（banking）

~agriculture（farming）

~politicsandreligion（stablegovernment）

~transportandaccessibility（goodrailwaysystem）

Peoplelivinginasquarekilometreofland:

Morethan200denselypopulated

10~200moderatelypopulated

Lessthan10sparselypopulated

Unit3PopulationGrowth

FactorsThatEncourageAHighBirthdayRate

~Earlymarriages

~Childrenareseenaswealth

~Highnumberofdeathsamongchildren

~Lackofknowledgeonbirthcontrol

~Preferenceforamalechild

~Religiousbeliefthatdonotallowtheuseofcontraceptives

ConsequencesofAHighRateofPopulationGrowth

~Overcrowding

~Shortageoffood

~Pressureonsocialservices

~Unemploymentandothersocialproblems

ResponsestoAHighRateofPopulationGrowth

~Economicdevelopment

~Birthcontrolandfamilyplanning

~Increasingtherateofliteracy

CausesofALowRateofPopulationGrowth

~Successfulfamilyplanningprogrammes

~Availabilityofbirthcontrolmethods

~Higherlevelsofeducationamongwomen

~Economicdevelopment

~Latemarriages

~Preferenceforsmallfamilysize

~Choicetoremainsingle

~Highcostofliving

ConsequencesofALowRateofPopulationGrowth

~lackoftimetotakecarechildren

~Highcostofliving

Unit4RuralandUrbanSettlements

Settlementsareformedwhenpeoplecometolivetogether.

RuralSettlements

~Villages,Outsidetownsandcities,countryside

~consistofsimplehousesthatarewidelyspreadoveranarea

DominantFunctions

~carryoutmainlyprimaryactivities

~Farming（includegrowingcropsandrearinglivestockorpoultry）

~Fishing,Mining,Lumbering

Amenities

Amenitiesreferstothefacilitiesandservicesprovidedtopeopleinanarea.

InsomeLDCsstillgetwaterfromriversorwells.Thereispooraccessibility.

Wayoflife

~Simplewayoflife

~paceoflifeisslowerthanincities

~lesstrafficandlesspollution

~childrencanplayinopenarea

~familyunittendstobecloselyknitandcommunityactivitiesthroughouttheyeardrawpeopletogether

UrbanSettlements

~townsandcities

~buildingsbuiltclosetooneanotherandoccupyeveryinchofland

~densityofbuildingsishigh

~adensenetworkofroadslaidinanorderlygridironpattern

DominantFunction

residential,administrative,commercial,industrial

Amenities

~Well-designedroadsystems（trains,MRT,LRT）

~Widerangeofgoodqualitysocialservices（communitycentres,townhalls,schoolsandhospitals）areprovided

Wayoflife

~Veryfastpaceoflife

~Homesarewellfurnishedwithbasicnecessities

~Moreamenities（restaurantsandrecreationalcentres）

~Playcomputergamesorwatchmovieathomeorincinemas

~Usuallygoshoppinginlargemallsorsupermarkets

Unit5SettlementPatterns

DispersedSettlements

~Referstothescatteringofhousesoveralargearea

~Inruralareas

~Developinhillyareas,onextensiveflatlandsorrollingplains

~Amountofspacebetweeneachhousedependsontheamountodlandrequiredtogrowenoughfoodforthefamilylivingthere

LinearSettlements

~referstothegroupingofhousesalongaline

~tendtofollowroads,railwaytracks,alongthecoastorriverbanks

~developmentofthelinearsettlementpatternisgoodtransportandcommunicationnetwork

~canbefoundinruralorurbanareas,dependingontheirfunctions

NucleatedSettlements

~referstothegroupingofmanyhousestogetheraroundacentrecallednucleus

~usuallyofconsiderablesize

~varyfromsmallvillagestosmalltownsandlargetownsandcities

~developonfavourablesitesatroadintersections,focalpointsofanareaorconfluencesofrivers

~thecommunitymaygrowinsizetoformamarkettownintheruralarea

~townsandcitiesmaydevelopintourbancentresandincreaseinthenumberoffunctions

Unit8TransportandCommunication

Improvementinspeed

Improvementinpassengertransport

ImprovingAccessibilitywithtransportnetwork

ImprovingAccessibilityWithTransportInfrastructure

One-wayCommunication

InteractiveCommunication

CommunicationsAndEducation

CommunicationsAndCulturalChange

Unit9SingaporeAsaTransportandCommunicationsHub

LandTransport

~efficientmovementsofpeopleandgoods

~Economicdevelopmentofanationorregion

~Highwaynetwork

~Railway

SeaTransport

~Handlingimportandre-exportofcargoes

~Situatedatthecrossroadsofmajorinternationalshippingrouted

~Harbourisalsowell-protectedfromstrongwinds

AirTransport

~Developmentofcivilaviation

~ChangiAirportisoneoftheworld’sbusiestairport（directflights/keystopover/increasingpassenger）

RolesoftheGovernmentandEntrepreneursinmakingSingaporeaTransportHub

~maintain,promote

~AttractnewbusinessestoSingaporewithgreateraccessibilityandconnectivitytotheworld

~InternationalEnterprise（IE）providessupportforlocalentrepreneurstokickstarttheirbusinessventures

FibreOpticCableNetworkandInformationTechnology

~Singaporehasanetworkofundergroundfibreopticcableswhichgreatlyimprovestheefficiency,capacityandspeedofcommunication

SatelliteTechnology

~Improveslongdistancecommunication

~Installedintelephonecompaniesandcabletelevision

~Usedinmobilephoneandmobilescomputing

~TheroleoftheGovernmentinpromotingsatellitestechnology.

Unit10MangingtheChangingEnvironment

TheImpactOfHumanActivitiesOnTheEnvironment

Thethreevaryingimpactsofhumanactivitiesontheenvironment

~Localscale

~Regionalscale

~Globalscale

~Definitionoflocal,regionalandglobalscale

~Howwecanprotectandconservetheenvironment

~Howhumanscanmanagethechangingenvironment

~Ifonlyrelativelysmallareasareaffectedbyhumanactivities,thentheimpactoramounttheenvironmentchangesbecauseofhumanactivitiesisatalocalscale

~Aslongashumanactivitiesaffectjustasmallarea,wecansaythattheimpactofchangeintheenvironmentisatalocalscale

~Localscale=AFFECTSSMALLAREAS（justtheareawherethehumanactivityoccurs）

AffectingtheEnvironmentattheLOCALScale

POSITIVEIMPACTS

~Buildingdamsandhydroelectricpowerstations

~Clearingforeststoincreasearablelandforfarming

~Buildingtransportstructuresforeasyaccessibility

~Buildingsettlementstoprovidehousingandwork

~Industriesfollowingregulationstoreduceemissionofharmfulsubstances

NEGATIVEIMPACTS

~Deforestationdestroyingplantspeciesandanimalhabitats

~Airpollutionfromvehicles’exhaustfumes

~Airpollutionfromfactories

~Sewagedumpingpollutingthewater

~Oilslickaffectingmarinelife

~Waterpollutionfromindustrialwaste

~Waterpollutionfrompesticidesandfarmwaste

AffectingtheEnvironmentattheREGIONALScale

~WhentheimpactcausedbyhumanactivitiescoversaLARGEAREA,suchasaCONTINENTorOCEAN,wesaytheimpactisattheregionalscale

~Regionalscale=COVERSLARGEAREA

~Usuallyaffectsseveralcitiesorcountries.Inextremecasescanaffecttheentirecontinent

AffectingtheEnvironmentattheREGIONALScale

NEGATIVEACTIVITESATAREGIONALSCALE（affectsseveralcountriesoraverywidedistance）

~Oilspills

~Airpollutioncausedbyforestfires

~Airpollutionthatresultsinacidrain

AffectingtheEnvironmentattheGLOBALScale

~Whentheimpactofpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitiesaffec