大气复习题 部分汉化版.docx
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大气复习题部分汉化版
1.FGDisFlueGasDesulfurization.(FGD:
烟气脱硫)
2.EGRisExhaustGasRecycle.(EGR:
废气再循环技术)
3.ESPsisElectrostaticPrecipitators.(ESPs:
静电除尘器)
4.ODPisozonedepletionpotential.(ODP:
臭氧消耗潜能)
5.VOCsisvolatileorganiccompounds.(VOCs:
挥发性有机化合物)
6.Someofthemostimportantairpollutionsaresecondarypollutants,formedintheatmospherefromprimarypollutantprecursors.(一些最重要的空气污染都是二次污染,他们是由主要的初期污染物质在大气中形成的)
7.Before1960,ourprincipalconcernaboutairpollutioneffectswaswithpropertydamage.Since1960,wehavebeenconcernedprimarilywithhumanhealth.(1960之前,我们的资金主要用于关注空气污染带来的财产损失,1960之后,我们主要关注的是人类的健康。
)
8.Airpollution:
isthepresenceofman-madeharmfulmaterialsintheair,inquantitieslargeenoughtoproduceharmfuleffects.(空气污染:
指空气中存在的有害的人造材料,在数量足够大时造成的有害影响)
9.Globalwarming(greenhouseeffect):
Humanaareputtinggaseousmaterialsintotheatmospherethatmaycausetheearth’saveragetemperaturetorise.(全球变暖:
10.Theoverallairpollutionproblemtakesthefollowingform:
emission→transport,dilution,andmodificationintheatmosphere→effectsonpeople,property,andtheenvironment.(大体上大气污染问题的构成如下:
排放→在大气中逸散、稀释、反应→对人体,财产,环境造成影响)
11.Thebasicproblemsinambientmonitoringandsourcetestingarethecollectionofarepresentativesampleandthecorrectanalysisofthatsample.Thecollectionofarepresentativesampleistheharderpart.(环境监测和污染原因测试的基本问题是有代表性样本的搜集和这些本的正确分析。
)
12.Thetwometeorologicalparametersofgreatestinteresttoairpollutionengineersaretheatmospherestabilityandthewindspeed.(大气污染工程师最感兴趣的两个气象因素是大气的稳定性和风速)
13.Ingeneral,stableatmospheresandlowwindspeedsleadtothehighestground-levelpollutionconcentration.(大体上讲,稳定的大气和低风速导致了最高级别的地面污染浓度)
14.Pollutantconcentrationmodelsarebasedonknownemissionratesandmeteorology.(污染物浓度模型是基于众所周知的排放速率和气象)
15.Gaussianplumemodelsarewidelyusedforpointsources.(高斯羽模型被广泛的应用于点源)
16.Ifwehaveanairpollutionproblemhowdowesolveit?
Therearethreecontroloptionsavailable.
(1)Improvedispersion:
tallstacks,intermittentcontrolschemes,relocatetheplant;(改善排放途径:
高烟囱,间歇控制计划,搬迁工厂)
(2)Reduceemissionbyprocesschange,pollutionprevention;(改进工艺以减少排放;污染防治)
(3)Useadownstreampollutioncontroldevice.(采用下游污染控制策略)
17.“3T”aretime,temperatureandturbulence.(时间,温度,燃料与空气混合)
18.Ifoneisfacewithanairpollutionproblem,thealternativesforalleviatingitareimproveddispersion,processchange,ordownstreamcontroldevices.(减轻污染的方案是改善排放途径,工艺改进,或采用下游污染控制策略)
19.IncurrentU.S.lawandpracticethefirstchoiceisprocesschange;thesecondisadownstreamcontroldevice;andonlyifthese,takentogether,cannotmeettheapplicablestandardmayimproveddispersionbeused.(目前在美国法律和实践第一选择的是改进工艺,第二是采用下游污染控制策略,如果这两者都不能达到适用的标准就可能会改善排放途径)
20.Ifthepollutantisvaluableitselforasafuel,andifitsconcentrationishighenough,thebestcontrolsolutionmaybetorecoverthepollutantoruseitasafuel.(若污染物本身是有价值的,或能作为燃料,并且如果它的浓度足够高,最好的控制解决方案可能是回收污染物或用作燃料。
)
21.Inmostcalculations,thepenetrationisamoreconvenientmeasureofcontrolequipmentperformancethanisthecontrolefficiency.(大量计算结果表明,penetration在控制设备性能方面比控制效率是一种更方便的措施)
22.Mostairpollutantsarethedirectandindirectresultofcombustionorprocessesusingcombustion.(大部分污染物是充分燃烧或非充分燃烧直接或间接的产物)
23.AllpollutioncontroldevicesthatteatgaseswitheventraceamountsofSO2mustbeprotectedagainstaciddewpointcorrosion.(所有选用优质的二氧化硫气体的污染控制设备,即使量很少也必须得到保护,以防酸露点腐蚀)
24.Catalystsarewidelyusedinairpollutioncontrol.Thecatalystsupportintheformofahoneycombismostwidelyusedbecauseitspressuredropislessthanthatofalternativeforms.(催化剂被广泛应用于空气污染控制。
神马神马是被广泛应用的因为它的压降比其他形式小)
25.Theparticlesofairpollutioninterestaremostlyinthesizerange0.1to10μ.(interest空气污染颗粒直径范围为0.1to10μ)
26.Particlessmallerthanabout2μarerarelyproducedbymechanicalmeans;theyareprimarilyproducedbycondensationorchemicalreactionofgasesorvapors.(直径小于2μ的颗粒很少是机械方法产生的,他们主要是由气体和蒸汽的凝结或化学反应产生的)
27.Thesesmallparticlesbehavequitedifferentlyfromtheparticleswithwhichwearefamiliar,likesandandgravel.Theirhighsurfaceareaperunitmassmakesthemadheretooneanotheriftheyarebroughtintocontact.(这些小颗粒的性质完全不同于我们说熟悉的像沙子,砾石一类的颗粒。
他们有很高的比表面积,这是他们相接触时很容易黏在一起)
28.Becauseparticlesofairpollutioninterestarerarelypresentintheairorinagasstreamasauniformparticlesizeset,wenormallyhavetodealwiththedistributionofparticlesize.(由于interest空气污染颗粒在空气或气流中很少有相同的大小,我们通常要处理粒度的分布)
29.Thefineparticlesintheatmospherearelargelysecondaryparticles,formedintheatmospherefromgaseousprecursors.Mostofthecoarserparticlesintheatmosphereareprimaryparticles,whichentertheatmosphereasparticles.(大气中细颗粒主要是次级粒子,形成于大气中的gaseousprecursors,大气中大部分的粗颗粒是初级粒子,他们作为粒子进入大气层)
30.Gravitysettlingchambers,cyclones,andESPsworkbydrivingtheparticlestoasolidwallwheretheyformagglomeratesthatcanbecollected.(重力沉降室,旋风除尘器,静电除尘器的工作原理就是把颗粒drivetoadriver,使他们凝聚在一起能够被收集)
31.Filtersandscrubbersdividedtheflow.Theyhavedifferentdesignequationsfromwallcollectiondevicesandfromeachother.(过滤器和洗涤器)
32.Surfacefiltersareusedtocollectmostoftheparticlesinaheavilyladengasstream.Depthfiltersaremostlyusedforthefinalcleanupofairorgasthatmustbeverycleanorforfineliquiddrops.(表面过滤器主要用于······,深度过滤器主要用于·····)
33.Tocollectsmallparticles,ascrubbermusthaveaverylargerelativevelocitybetweenthegasbeingcleanedandtheliquiddrops.Forthisreasonco-flowscrubbersaremostoftenused.Theventurescrubberisthemostwidelyusedtypeofco-flowscrubber.(为了收集小颗粒,洗涤器必须在被洗涤气体和液滴之间有一个很大的相对速度。
·····。
)
34.TheVOCscontrolalternativesareprevention,concentrationandrecovery,oroxidation.(挥发性有机物控制方案是:
源头控制,浓缩,回收,氧化)
35.Whatarethedevelopmentproblemswithlimestonescrubbers?
(1)corrosion;
(2)solidsdeposition,scalingandplugging;(3)entrainmentseparatorplugging;(4)poorreagentutilization;(5)poorsolid-liquidseparation.(1,、腐蚀2、固体沉积,结垢和堵塞3、分离器堵塞4、poorreagentutilization5、poorsolid-liquidseparation.)
36.SO2emissionsfromhumanactivitiesaremostlyduetothecombustionofsulfur-containingfossilfuelsandthesmeltingofmetalsulfideores.(人类活动排放的二氧化硫主要是由于含硫的矿物燃料燃烧和金属硫化物矿石冶炼)
37.WhatistheoverallcontrolstrategyforSO2emissions?
(1)ConvertthesulfurtoCaSO4·2H2Oandreturnittothegroundinsomekindoflandfill
(2)UseCaSO4·2H2Otomakewallboard.(1、利用钙盐吸收SO2转换成CaSO4·2H2O,然后进行填埋处理2、把CaSO4·2H2O用于建材)
38.Whatisthemostcommonapproachforliquidorgaseousfuelscontainingreducedsulfur?
ThemostcommonapproachistousecatalyticprocesstoconvertthecontainedsulfurtoH2S,removethatbyscrubbingthegaswithaweaklyalkalinesolution,converttheH2StoelementalsulfurbytheClausprocess克劳斯〔二段脱硫〕法,andeithersellthatsulfurforsulfuricacidproductionorplaceitinalandfill.(最常用的方法是使用催化剂把燃料中的硫转化为H2S,并用弱碱性的液体吸收H2S。
之后用二段脱硫法把H2S转化成硫,然后可以制成硫酸出售,或进行填埋处理)
39.Formetalsulfideoresmelting,whichproduceswastegaseswith4percentormoreSO2,thecommonapproachistoconvertthatSO2tosulfuricacid.(硫矿的冶炼时,产生的SO2气体大于4%时,最常用的方法是把SO2转化为硫酸)
40.Forcoalusedinalargepowerplant,themostcommonapproachistoburnthecoalandthentreattheplant’sexhaustgaswithlimestoneorlimeinaforced-oxidationwetscrubberoraspraydryer,toconvertSO2toCaSO4·2H2O,whichwillthengotoalandfillorawallboardplant.(对于一个大型电厂用煤,最常用的方法是燃烧煤,利用石灰石或石灰在湿式洗涤器或喷雾干燥塔中将废气强制氧化,使SO2转换为CaSO4·2H2O,然后回收利用)
41.Combustionscientistsclassifythenitrogenoxidesfoundincombustiongasesasthermal,prompt,andfuelnitrogenoxides.
42.TherateofconversionofNOtoNO2inflamesisfairlyslow,sothatmostoftheNOxinflamesisNO.Theproportionistypically90percentNO,10percentNO2.(在火焰中一氧化氮转化为二氧化氮的速率很慢,从而使火焰中大部分氮氧化物都是NO。
这个比例通常是90%的一氧化氮,10%的二氧化氮。
)
43.Globalwarming,destructionoftheozonelayer,andacidrainarepollutionproblemsthatcannotdealtwithmostlylocalregulations局部调节usedforotherairpollutants.Ifactionistobetaken,worldwideactionisneed.(全球变暖,全球变暖,臭氧层破坏,酸雨的污染不能依靠地方性的局部调节,如果要采取行动,必须要在全球范围呢进行。
)
1.Airpollutionisthepresenceofharmfulmaterialsintheair,inquantitiesLargeenoughtoproduceharmfuleffects.
2.Aperfectairpollutionphilosophyanditsimplementingregulationsarecost-effective,simple,enforceable,and.
3.Generallytherearetwokindsofairpollutionmeasurements:
ambientmeasurementsand
measurements.
4.Instacksamplingforparticulates—butnotinanysamplingforgases—onemustmaintain
intothesamplingprobe.
5.Thehorizontalmovementoftheatmosphereisdrivenmostlybyunevenheatingoftheearth’ssurfaceandmodifiedbytheeffectofandtheinfluenceofthegroundthesea.
6.Pollutantconcentrationmodelsarebasedonknownemissionratesand.
ThesemodelsplayacrucialroleintheAirQualityManagementtypeofairpollutioncontrolstrategycurrentlyusedintheUnitedStatesandmuchoftherestoftheworld.
7.Inairpollutioncontrol,wecanindicatethreelogicalapproachestoimprovingdispersion:
tallstacks,intermittentcontrolschemes,.
8.Asshowninanyfluidmechanicsbookthereisanforpumpedfluidflows.Thisvelocityminimizesthesumofpumpingcostsandthecapitalchargesfortheequipments.
9.Consequently,anyairpollutioncontroldevicethattreatsagascontainingSO2musteitherbemadeofcorrosion-resistantmaterials,whichareexpensive,orbeprotectedagainst
corrosion.
10.AnytwoparticlesthathavethesamevalueofwillhavethesameStokesstoppingdistanceforanyinitialvelocity(inairwiththesameviscosity).
11.Thefinestparticles,withdiameters0.005to