考研英语一真题及答案.docx

考研英语一真题及答案.docx

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考研英语一真题及答案

____年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）.

In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosupervisea

seriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledthe

HawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floor

lighting____1____workers'productivity.Instead,thestudiesended____2____

givingtheirnametotheHawthorneeffect,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthe

verytobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects'behavior.

Theideaarosebecauseofthe____4____behaviorofthewomeninthe

Hawthorneplant.Accordingto____5____oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutput

rosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot____6____

whatwasdoneintheexperiment;____7____somethingwaschanged,productivity

rose.A（n）____8____thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe

____9____toalterworkers'behavior____10____itself.

Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere____11____toeconometricthe

analysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore____12____the

descriptionsonrecord,nosystematic____13____wasfoundthatlevelsof

productivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.

1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored

[B]up[D]off[C]with2.[A]at

3.[A]truth[B]sight[D]proof[C]act

4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous

[D]assessments

5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts

6.[A]conclude[B]matter

[C]indicate

[D]work

[D]solongas

[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat

7.[A]asfaras

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8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion

[D]abundant9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough

[D]by

10.[A]about[C]on[B]for

[A]contraryto12.[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]peculiarto

[C]implication[B]guidance[D]source

[A]evidence13.

[D]misleading

[B]enlightening[A]disputable[C]reliable14.

[B]Forexample[D]Asusual

15.[A]Incontrast[C]Inconsequence

[B]accidentally16.[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly

[A]duly

[D]continued

[A]failed17.[B]ceased

[C]started

[A]breaking[B]climbing20.

[C]surpassing[D]hitting

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtext

bychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text1

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduring

thepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorable

declineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageof

fortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsof

criticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.

Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswere

oncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.

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Weareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublished

inEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,ata

timewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredan

ornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastaken

forgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabout

theeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewers

whoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,could

betrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasa

calling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshave

brainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”

Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism'as‘atermofcontempt

appliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.'”

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefor

theManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnow

knownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,

hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidely

admiredthathisAutobiography（1947）becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin

1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,

andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.

IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?

Theprospect

seemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,and

postmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianprosein

whichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeenin

headlongretreat.

21.

ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that

[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.

[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.

[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.

[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.

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22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby

[A]freethemes.[B]casualstyle.[C]elaboratelayout.[D]radical

viewpoints.

23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagree

on?

[A]Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals

[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.

[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.

[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

24.

[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.

[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.

25.

Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers

[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory

Text2

TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskinthe

energymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecase

wouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,

andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould

econsideritsstate

streetBankruling.

26.

Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof

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[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness[B]theirconnectionwithasset

allocation

[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting[D]thecontroversyover

authorization

27.

WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction

[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit

[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.

28.

Thewordabout-face（Line1,Para3）mostprobablymeans

[A]lossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility

[C]changeofattitude[D]enhancementofdignity

29.

Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents

[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued

[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks

30.

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents

[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders

[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents

[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents

Text3

Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocial

influence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsize

presenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence—eventhe

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mostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmany

others.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriends

andcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonso

affected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturn

influencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthese

peoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwo

degreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromthe

initialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon'tpropagate

veryfaroraffectmanypeople.

Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchers

studiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingof

populations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilityto

influenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthatthe

牰湩楣慰?

敲畱物浥湥?

潦?

桷瑡眠?

慣汬尠汧扯污挠獡慣敤屳–thewidespread

propagationofinfluencethroughnetworks–isthepresencenotofafewinfluentials

but,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,say,a

lookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessofhow

influentialanindividualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthis

criticalmassisavailabletopropagateachainreaction.

31.

Bycitingthe