crossculturalcommunication辅导跨文化交际胡文仲视频演讲稿含重点和内容.docx
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crossculturalcommunication辅导跨文化交际胡文仲视频演讲稿含重点和内容
cross-culturalcommunication辅导
(2)跨文化交际胡文仲视频演讲稿(含重点和PPT内容)
Hello,everyone,thisisthesecondtalk,interculturalcommunication.Inthistalk,wewillbetalkingaboutverbalcommunication.verbalcommunicationiscommunicationusingwords.wewillbetalkingaboutlanguageandcultureandtheirrelationships.Thereisaverycloserelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture.InArab,therearemanywordsrelatedtocamel.BecausecamelusedtobeaveryimportantpartofthelifeofArabs.IntheChineselanguage,thereisanelaboratesystemofkinshipterms.
BecauseChinesefamiliesusedtobelargeandhierarchical.
Wecareaboutwhetherthegrandmotherisonthefathersideoronthemotherside.Ifitisonthesideofmother,itiscalled外祖母.Ifitisonthesideofthefather,itiscalled祖母.ButinEnglish,normally,theydonothavesuchdistinction.InChinese,wemakeadistinctionbetween哥哥and弟弟.Because哥哥hasmoreauthorshipthan弟弟.ButinEnglish,normally,theyjustusebrothertorefertoeither哥哥or弟弟.
Fromthiswecansee,languageisverymuchinfluencedbyculture.Languageisamirrorofculture,becauselanguagereflectshumanrelationships.Itreflectsthewaythesocietyoperates.Firththingislanguageofkinshiptermsisareflectionofourfamilysystem.Asamatteroffact,languageisapartofthecultureorwecansaylanguageisculture.Thereisnodoubtthereisaverycloserelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture.Somepeoplegoevenfurtherandclaimthatlanguagedeterminesthewaywethink.Thisiswhatwecalllinguisticdeterminism(语言决定主义——语言决定了我们思考的方式。
).
ItbaseduponhypothesisputforwardbySapirandWhorf.NowherewehaveSapirandWhorfhypothesis.ThisiswhatSapirsays:
Now,here,weshouldspendspecialattentiontothis:
itpowerfullyconditionsallourthinkingaboutsocialproblemsandprocesses.thatis,itinfluencesourthinkinggreatly.
ThisiswhatSapirsaidinoneofthebookshewroteonlanguage.Hisideaislanguageinfluencesthewaywethink,influencesourthinkingprocesses.
HisstudentisWhorf.ThisiswhatWhorfsaidabouttheinfluencesoflanguageonpeople’sthinking.
Whathesaidisbasicallythis:
languageinfluencesthewaywethink,andlanguageinfluencesthewayweperceivenature,weanalyzesociety.Nowlet’shavesomeexample.
Eskimohasthreewordsforsnow.Forfallingsnow,thereisoneword.Andforfallensnow,thereisanotherword.Andthenforthesnowwhichispackedintoice.SoinEskimo,therearethreewordsforsnow.WhileweseeEnglish,thereisonlyonewordforsnow.Andifyouwanttodescribethiskindofsnow,youhavetouseanotherword.Youwillhavetousefallingsnow.Andforthisone,youwillhavetousefallensnow.NowbecausesnowisveryimportanttoEskimos,sotheymakedistinctionsbetweendifferentkindsofsnow.AndWhorf’sideaisintheirlanguage,therearethreedifferentwordsofsnow.Andthatinfluencesthewaytheylookatthings.Thatistheylookatsnowdifferentformus.Wejusttakesnowasonekindofsnow.Whiletheymakeveryfinedistinctionsbetweenfallingsnow,fallensnowandsnowpackedintoice.
NowhereHopi,Hopiisanotherexample.ItisanIndiantribeinnorthAmerica.NowinHopi,inthelanguageofHopi,theydon’tmakethedistinctionbetweencertainthingslikeairplane,adragonflyandapilot.Anythingthatfliesismasataka.masatakareferstoeitheranairplaneoradragonflyorapilot.Nowthisseemstobeprettyabsurdtous.Buttothem,thisisverynatural.Theythinkanythingthatfliesisthesame.And,accordingtoWhorf,becausetheyonlyhaveonewordforanythingthatflies,sotheytendtonotmakecleardistinctionsbetweentheseflyingthings.
HereisanotherexamplefromHopi.NowinHopi,whenhewantstosay:
“heisrunning”or“heran”.Hejustsays“walr”.“walr”referstobothpresent,continuousandpast.Theydon’tmakedistinctionsbetweenthetwo.ButinEnglish,asweknow,thedistinctionsbetweenthecontinuousandpastisaveryimportantone.Theyareverydifferent.Onereferstoanactionthatistakingplace.Onereferstoanactionthattookplaceinthepast.So,accordingtoWhorf,theHopisdonotmakedistinctionsbetweenapastactionandanactionthatistakingplace.Becauseintheirlanguage,thereisnodifference.Theyjusthaveoneformforboth.
NowinNavaho,NavahoisananotherIndiantribeinnorthAmerica.thereisnodistinctionbetweenhorse,singular,andhorses,plural.Andthereisnodistinctionbetweenhis/her/its/andtheir.ButinEnglish,ofcourse,wedomakedistinctionsbetweenhorseandhorses,hisorheroritsortheir.BecauseinNavaho,theydon’thavedistinctionsbetweensingularandplural,accordingtoWhorf,thewaytheylookatsingularthingsandpluralthingsareinfluencedbytheirlanguage.Thatis,thedistinctionsbetweensingularandpluralarenotanimportantonetoHopis.Buttous,itisveryimportant.Asingularreferstojustonethingwhereaspluralreferstomorethanone.
WhenSapirandWhorfputforwardthishypothesisabout“linguisticdeterminism”.Therearesomescholarsdisagreedwiththem.AndGailRobisonisoneofthem.ThisiswhatRobisonsays:
“First,itisdifficulttoconcludeformsuchlinguisticevidencethatusersofdifferentlanguagesperceivetheworlddifferently.Second,andperhapsmoreimportantly,itisdifficulttoconcludethatdifferentlanguageuseisthe‘cause’ofdifferenceinperception.Wearebacktothechicken-eggdilemma.Laterresearchintheperceptionofcoloractuallyshowsthatusersofaparticularlanguagecandistinguishbetweendifferenthuesevenwhentheirlanguagedoesnothavetermstolabelthedistinction.”Nowwhatshemeansiswhatactuallythis,inyourlanguage,Robisontalkedaboutdifferentcolors.Inyourlanguage,theremaybejustfourcolors.Butwhenyouactuallyseefivecolors,youcanstilldistinguishthem.Itisnotthatinyourlanguage,therearefourcolors,sowhenyouseefivedifferentcolors,youcan’ttellthedifference.So,fromthisexample,GailRobisonwantstoshowthat“linguisticdeterminism”hasnofoundation.
First,ithasaverypowerfulimpactonvocabularyofourlanguage.
Andthatisimpactonlanguageatlexicallevel.Andthenatpragmatic(语用学)level,therearealsomanyimpactsonlanguage.Wewillgivemoreexamplesofthisaswegoon.Andthirdly,culture’simpactondiscoursal(语篇)level.Finally,atstylistic(语体)level,culturealsoexertsitsinfluences.
Next,wewillbetalkingaboutculture’simpactonlanguageatlexicallevel.First,welookatthedenotationandconnotationofwords.
Whatisdenotation?
Denotationisthedictionarydefinitionofaword.Alotofwordshavetwolayersofmeanings.Itisdenotationmeaningandconnotativemeaning.Denotationis“原意”.Connotationis“引申的意义”orextendedmeaningorassociatedmeaning.Connotativemeaninghavedevelopedovertime.Firstthroughusebypoetsandwriters.Somewordsacquiredsomeextendedmeanings.Sowearemostlyconcernedaboutthedenotationmeaning.Andsometimes,wedonotreallycareabouttheconnotativemeaning.Firstthing,withscienceterms,weonlycareaboutitsdenotationmeaning.Andinfact,mostofthesciencewordshaveonlythedenotationmeaning.Theydon’tactuallycarryconnotativemeaning.Butwordsingeneraluseoftenacquireconnotativemeaning.Thatisextendedmeaning.
Firstthing,oncemotheristhewomanwhogavebirthtotheperson.Sothisistheoriginalmeaningofmother.Butthewordmotherhasalsoextendedmeanings,suchas‘love’,‘naturing’,‘kindness’etc.nowtheseareconnotativemeaningsoftheword,mother.In1982,professorYuGuozhangpublishedanarticlecalledculturallyloadedwordsinEnglishlanguageteaching.Inthisarticle,hepointsoutthedifferencesbetweenEnglishwordsandChinesewordsintermsofculturalloading.Whathemeansbyculturalloading?
Itisactuallytheextendedmeaningofaword.Hehasgivenalotofexamplesinhisarticle.Ifyouareinterested,youcanlookitup.Itisaveryimportantarticlebecauseitisthefirstarticlepublishedinearly80s,theculturalloadedwords.Eversincehepublishedthisarticle,therehavebeenmanyarticlespublishedontheconnotativemeaning.Ofwords.Andthisisanveryimportantareaofvocabularystudy.
Nowwehavejustsaid,thewordshasextendedmeaningsbecausepoetsandwritershaveusedthemintheiressaysandextendedthemeaningsofthewords.Nowlet’slookatapoemwrittenbyLiBai.AndLiBai,ofcourse,isapoetthatweareallveryfamiliarwith.Andthisisaverywell-knownpoemtoo.
Soyoulookuponthemoon,andyoulookdownandyoumissyourhome.Soherethemoonisaassociatewithone’shomeorone’shometown.AndthenwehaveapoemofDuFu.
Sothemooninyourhometownisthebrightest.Andinthispoem,DuFualsorelatethemoontoone’shomeorone’shometown.Whenalotofpoetsusedthemooninthisconnectionwithsuchextendedmeaning.Thengradually,thewordmoonhasacquiredthisconnotativemeaningwhichishomeorhometown.Soinchina,wehaveautumnfestival.Andthisisafestivalinwhichamembersofthefamilyaresupposedtohaveafamilyreunion.
ButtheEnglishword‘moon’doesnothavesuchconnotativemeaning.Soprobably,whenyouintheunitedstates,whenachildlooksatthemoon,hedoesn’tthinkofhishomeorhishometown.Hemaythinkofsomeday,landingonthemoon,orusespaceshuffletogettothemoon.Sothisculturalmeaningofthemooninrelationtoone’shometownispeculiartotheChineselanguageorispeculiartotheChineseculture.
Now,herewecanco