crossculturalcommunication辅导跨文化交际胡文仲视频演讲稿含重点和内容.docx

crossculturalcommunication辅导跨文化交际胡文仲视频演讲稿含重点和内容.docx

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crossculturalcommunication辅导跨文化交际胡文仲视频演讲稿含重点和内容

cross-culturalcommunication辅导

（2）跨文化交际胡文仲视频演讲稿（含重点和PPT内容）

Hello,everyone,thisisthesecondtalk,interculturalcommunication.Inthistalk,wewillbetalkingaboutverbalcommunication.verbalcommunicationiscommunicationusingwords.wewillbetalkingaboutlanguageandcultureandtheirrelationships.Thereisaverycloserelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture.InArab,therearemanywordsrelatedtocamel.BecausecamelusedtobeaveryimportantpartofthelifeofArabs.IntheChineselanguage,thereisanelaboratesystemofkinshipterms.

BecauseChinesefamiliesusedtobelargeandhierarchical.

Wecareaboutwhetherthegrandmotherisonthefathersideoronthemotherside.Ifitisonthesideofmother,itiscalled外祖母.Ifitisonthesideofthefather,itiscalled祖母.ButinEnglish,normally,theydonothavesuchdistinction.InChinese,wemakeadistinctionbetween哥哥and弟弟.Because哥哥hasmoreauthorshipthan弟弟.ButinEnglish,normally,theyjustusebrothertorefertoeither哥哥or弟弟.

Fromthiswecansee,languageisverymuchinfluencedbyculture.Languageisamirrorofculture,becauselanguagereflectshumanrelationships.Itreflectsthewaythesocietyoperates.Firththingislanguageofkinshiptermsisareflectionofourfamilysystem.Asamatteroffact,languageisapartofthecultureorwecansaylanguageisculture.Thereisnodoubtthereisaverycloserelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture.Somepeoplegoevenfurtherandclaimthatlanguagedeterminesthewaywethink.Thisiswhatwecalllinguisticdeterminism（语言决定主义——语言决定了我们思考的方式。

）.

ItbaseduponhypothesisputforwardbySapirandWhorf.NowherewehaveSapirandWhorfhypothesis.ThisiswhatSapirsays:

Now,here,weshouldspendspecialattentiontothis:

itpowerfullyconditionsallourthinkingaboutsocialproblemsandprocesses.thatis,itinfluencesourthinkinggreatly.

ThisiswhatSapirsaidinoneofthebookshewroteonlanguage.Hisideaislanguageinfluencesthewaywethink,influencesourthinkingprocesses.

HisstudentisWhorf.ThisiswhatWhorfsaidabouttheinfluencesoflanguageonpeople’sthinking.

Whathesaidisbasicallythis:

languageinfluencesthewaywethink,andlanguageinfluencesthewayweperceivenature,weanalyzesociety.Nowlet’shavesomeexample.

Eskimohasthreewordsforsnow.Forfallingsnow,thereisoneword.Andforfallensnow,thereisanotherword.Andthenforthesnowwhichispackedintoice.SoinEskimo,therearethreewordsforsnow.WhileweseeEnglish,thereisonlyonewordforsnow.Andifyouwanttodescribethiskindofsnow,youhavetouseanotherword.Youwillhavetousefallingsnow.Andforthisone,youwillhavetousefallensnow.NowbecausesnowisveryimportanttoEskimos,sotheymakedistinctionsbetweendifferentkindsofsnow.AndWhorf’sideaisintheirlanguage,therearethreedifferentwordsofsnow.Andthatinfluencesthewaytheylookatthings.Thatistheylookatsnowdifferentformus.Wejusttakesnowasonekindofsnow.Whiletheymakeveryfinedistinctionsbetweenfallingsnow,fallensnowandsnowpackedintoice.

NowhereHopi,Hopiisanotherexample.ItisanIndiantribeinnorthAmerica.NowinHopi,inthelanguageofHopi,theydon’tmakethedistinctionbetweencertainthingslikeairplane,adragonflyandapilot.Anythingthatfliesismasataka.masatakareferstoeitheranairplaneoradragonflyorapilot.Nowthisseemstobeprettyabsurdtous.Buttothem,thisisverynatural.Theythinkanythingthatfliesisthesame.And,accordingtoWhorf,becausetheyonlyhaveonewordforanythingthatflies,sotheytendtonotmakecleardistinctionsbetweentheseflyingthings.

HereisanotherexamplefromHopi.NowinHopi,whenhewantstosay:

“heisrunning”or“heran”.Hejustsays“walr”.“walr”referstobothpresent,continuousandpast.Theydon’tmakedistinctionsbetweenthetwo.ButinEnglish,asweknow,thedistinctionsbetweenthecontinuousandpastisaveryimportantone.Theyareverydifferent.Onereferstoanactionthatistakingplace.Onereferstoanactionthattookplaceinthepast.So,accordingtoWhorf,theHopisdonotmakedistinctionsbetweenapastactionandanactionthatistakingplace.Becauseintheirlanguage,thereisnodifference.Theyjusthaveoneformforboth.

NowinNavaho,NavahoisananotherIndiantribeinnorthAmerica.thereisnodistinctionbetweenhorse,singular,andhorses,plural.Andthereisnodistinctionbetweenhis/her/its/andtheir.ButinEnglish,ofcourse,wedomakedistinctionsbetweenhorseandhorses,hisorheroritsortheir.BecauseinNavaho,theydon’thavedistinctionsbetweensingularandplural,accordingtoWhorf,thewaytheylookatsingularthingsandpluralthingsareinfluencedbytheirlanguage.Thatis,thedistinctionsbetweensingularandpluralarenotanimportantonetoHopis.Buttous,itisveryimportant.Asingularreferstojustonethingwhereaspluralreferstomorethanone.

WhenSapirandWhorfputforwardthishypothesisabout“linguisticdeterminism”.Therearesomescholarsdisagreedwiththem.AndGailRobisonisoneofthem.ThisiswhatRobisonsays:

“First,itisdifficulttoconcludeformsuchlinguisticevidencethatusersofdifferentlanguagesperceivetheworlddifferently.Second,andperhapsmoreimportantly,itisdifficulttoconcludethatdifferentlanguageuseisthe‘cause’ofdifferenceinperception.Wearebacktothechicken-eggdilemma.Laterresearchintheperceptionofcoloractuallyshowsthatusersofaparticularlanguagecandistinguishbetweendifferenthuesevenwhentheirlanguagedoesnothavetermstolabelthedistinction.”Nowwhatshemeansiswhatactuallythis,inyourlanguage,Robisontalkedaboutdifferentcolors.Inyourlanguage,theremaybejustfourcolors.Butwhenyouactuallyseefivecolors,youcanstilldistinguishthem.Itisnotthatinyourlanguage,therearefourcolors,sowhenyouseefivedifferentcolors,youcan’ttellthedifference.So,fromthisexample,GailRobisonwantstoshowthat“linguisticdeterminism”hasnofoundation.

First,ithasaverypowerfulimpactonvocabularyofourlanguage.

Andthatisimpactonlanguageatlexicallevel.Andthenatpragmatic（语用学）level,therearealsomanyimpactsonlanguage.Wewillgivemoreexamplesofthisaswegoon.Andthirdly,culture’simpactondiscoursal（语篇）level.Finally,atstylistic（语体）level,culturealsoexertsitsinfluences.

Next,wewillbetalkingaboutculture’simpactonlanguageatlexicallevel.First,welookatthedenotationandconnotationofwords.

Whatisdenotation?

Denotationisthedictionarydefinitionofaword.Alotofwordshavetwolayersofmeanings.Itisdenotationmeaningandconnotativemeaning.Denotationis“原意”.Connotationis“引申的意义”orextendedmeaningorassociatedmeaning.Connotativemeaninghavedevelopedovertime.Firstthroughusebypoetsandwriters.Somewordsacquiredsomeextendedmeanings.Sowearemostlyconcernedaboutthedenotationmeaning.Andsometimes,wedonotreallycareabouttheconnotativemeaning.Firstthing,withscienceterms,weonlycareaboutitsdenotationmeaning.Andinfact,mostofthesciencewordshaveonlythedenotationmeaning.Theydon’tactuallycarryconnotativemeaning.Butwordsingeneraluseoftenacquireconnotativemeaning.Thatisextendedmeaning.

Firstthing,oncemotheristhewomanwhogavebirthtotheperson.Sothisistheoriginalmeaningofmother.Butthewordmotherhasalsoextendedmeanings,suchas‘love’,‘naturing’,‘kindness’etc.nowtheseareconnotativemeaningsoftheword,mother.In1982,professorYuGuozhangpublishedanarticlecalledculturallyloadedwordsinEnglishlanguageteaching.Inthisarticle,hepointsoutthedifferencesbetweenEnglishwordsandChinesewordsintermsofculturalloading.Whathemeansbyculturalloading?

Itisactuallytheextendedmeaningofaword.Hehasgivenalotofexamplesinhisarticle.Ifyouareinterested,youcanlookitup.Itisaveryimportantarticlebecauseitisthefirstarticlepublishedinearly80s,theculturalloadedwords.Eversincehepublishedthisarticle,therehavebeenmanyarticlespublishedontheconnotativemeaning.Ofwords.Andthisisanveryimportantareaofvocabularystudy.

Nowwehavejustsaid,thewordshasextendedmeaningsbecausepoetsandwritershaveusedthemintheiressaysandextendedthemeaningsofthewords.Nowlet’slookatapoemwrittenbyLiBai.AndLiBai,ofcourse,isapoetthatweareallveryfamiliarwith.Andthisisaverywell-knownpoemtoo.

Soyoulookuponthemoon,andyoulookdownandyoumissyourhome.Soherethemoonisaassociatewithone’shomeorone’shometown.AndthenwehaveapoemofDuFu.

Sothemooninyourhometownisthebrightest.Andinthispoem,DuFualsorelatethemoontoone’shomeorone’shometown.Whenalotofpoetsusedthemooninthisconnectionwithsuchextendedmeaning.Thengradually,thewordmoonhasacquiredthisconnotativemeaningwhichishomeorhometown.Soinchina,wehaveautumnfestival.Andthisisafestivalinwhichamembersofthefamilyaresupposedtohaveafamilyreunion.

ButtheEnglishword‘moon’doesnothavesuchconnotativemeaning.Soprobably,whenyouintheunitedstates,whenachildlooksatthemoon,hedoesn’tthinkofhishomeorhishometown.Hemaythinkofsomeday,landingonthemoon,orusespaceshuffletogettothemoon.Sothisculturalmeaningofthemooninrelationtoone’shometownispeculiartotheChineselanguageorispeculiartotheChineseculture.

Now,herewecanco