剑桥910考官范文.docx

剑桥910考官范文.docx

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剑桥910考官范文

剑桥9-10-考官范文

（C9T1WT2）

Someexpertsbelievethatitisbetterforchildrentobeginlearningaforeignlanguageatprimaryschoolratherthansecondaryschool.Dotheadvantagesofthisoutweighthedisadvantages?

Traditionally,childrenhavebegunstudyingforeignlanguagesatsecondaryschool,butintroducingthemearlierisrecommendedbysomeeducationalists.Thispolicyhasbeenadoptedbysomeeducationalauthoritiesorindividualschools,withbothpositiveandnegativeoutcomes.

Theobviousargumentinitsfavoristhatyoungchildrenpickuplanguagesmuchmoreeasilythanteenagers.Theirbrainsarestillprogrammedtoacquiretheirmothertongue,whichfacilitateslearninganotherlanguage,andunlikeadolescents,theyarenotinhabitedbyself-consciousness.

Thegreaterflexibilityoftheprimarytimetableallowsformorefrequent,shortersessionsandforaplay-centeredapproach,thusmaintaininglearners'enthusiasmandprogress.Theircommandofthelanguageinlaterlifewillbenefitfromthisearlyexposure,whilelearningotherlanguagessubsequentlywillbeeasierforthem.Theymayalsogainabetterunderstandingofothercultures.

Theyare,however,somedisadvantages.Primaryschoolteachersaregeneralists,andmaynothavethenecessarylanguageskillsthemselves.Ifspecialistshavetobebroughtintodeliverthesesessions,theflexibilityreferredtoaboveisdiminished.ifprimarylanguageteachingisnot standardized,secondaryschoolsintake,resultinginaclassroomexperiencewhichundoestheearliergains.Thereisnoadvantageifenthusiasticprimarypupilsbecomedemotivatedassoonastheychangeschools.However,theseissuescanbeaddressedstrategicallywithinthepolicyadopted.

Anythingwhichencourageslanguagelearningbenefitssocietyculturallyandeconomically,andearlyexposuretolanguagelearningcontributestothis.Youngchildren'sinnateabilitiesshouldbeharnessedtomakethesebenefitsmoreachievable.

C9T2WT1

Thechartbelowshowsthetotalnumberofminutes（inbillions）oftelephonecallsintheUK,dividedintothreecategories,from1995-2002.Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.

ThechartshowsthetimespentbyUKresidentsondifferenttypesoftelephonecallsbetween1995and2002.

Localfixedlinecallswerethehighestthroughouttheperiod,risingfrom72billionminutesin1995tojustunder90billionin1998.Afterpeakingat90billionthefollowingyear,thesecallshadfallenbacktothe1995figureby2002.

Nationalandinternationalfixedlinecallsgrewsteadilyfrom38billionto61billionattheendoftheperiodinquestion,thoughthegrowthslowedoverthelasttwoyears.

Therewasadramaticincreaseinmobilecallsfrom2billionto46billionminutes.Thisrisewasparticularlynoticeablebetween1999and2002,duringwhichtimetheuseofmobilephonestripled.

Tosumup,althoughlocalfixedlinecallswerestillthemostpopularin2002,thegapbetweenthethreecategorieshadnarrowedconsiderablyoverthesecondhalfoftheperiodinquestion.

C9T3WT2

Somepeoplesaythatthebestwaytoimprovepublichealthisbyincreasingthenumberofsportsfacilities.Others,however,saythatthiswouldhavelittleeffectonpublichealthandthatothermeasuresarerequired.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.

Aproblemofmodernsocietiesisthedeclininglevelofhealthinthegeneralpopulation,withconflictingviewsonhowtotacklethisworryingtrend.Onepossiblesolutionistoprovidemoresportsfacilitiestoencourageamoreactivelifestyle.

Advocatesofthisbelievethattoday’ssedentarylifestyleandstressfulworkingconditionsmeanthatphysicalactivityisnolongerpartofeitherourworkorourleisuretime.Iftherewereeasy-toreachlocalsportscentres,wewouldbemorelikelytomakeexercisearegularpartofourlives,ratherthanjustcollapsinginfrontofascreeneveryevening.Thevarietyofsportsthatcouldbeofferedwouldcaterforallages,levelsoffitnessandinterests;thosewithpainfulmemoriesofPEatschoolmightbehappierintheswimmingpoolthanonthefootballpitch.

However,theremaybebetterwaysoftacklingthisproblem.Interestinsportisnotuniversal,andadditionalfacilitiesmightsimplyattractthealreadyfit,notthosewhomostneedthem.Physicalactivitycouldbeencouragedrelativelycheaply,forexamplebyinstallingexerciseequipmentinparks,asmylocalcouncilhasdone.Thishastheaddedbenefitthatparentsandchildrenoftenusethemtogetherjustforfun,whichdevelopsapositiveattitudetoexerciseatanearlyage.

Aswellasphysicalactivity,hightaxpenaltiescouldbeimposedonhigh-fatfoodproducts,tobaccoandalcohol,asexcessiveconsumptionofanyofthesecontributestopoorhealth.Evenimprovingpublictransportwouldhelp:

ittakeslongertowalktothebusstopthantothecar.

Inmyopinion,focusingonsportsfacilitiesistoonarrowanapproachandwouldnothavethedesiredresults.Peopleshouldbeencouragednotonlytobemorephysicallyactivebutalsotoadoptahealthierlifestyleingeneral.

C9T4WT1

Thegraphbelowgivesinformationfroma2008reportaboutconsumptionofenergyintheUSAsince1980withprojectionsuntil2030.

ThegraphshowsenergyconsumptionintheUSfrom1980to2012,andprojectedconsumptionto2030.

Petrolandoilarethedominantfuelsourcesthroughoutthisperiod,with35quadrillion（35q）unitsusedin1980，risingto42qin2012.Despitesomeinitialfluctuation,from1995therewasasteadyincrease.Thisisexpectedtocontinue,reaching47qin2030.

Consumptionofenergyderivedfromnaturalgasandcoalissimilarovertheperiod.From20qand15qrespectivelyin1980，gasshowedaninitialfallandcoalagradualincrease，withthetwofuelsequalbetween1985and1990.Consumptionhasfluctuatedsince1990butbothnowprovide24q.Coalispredictedtoincreasesteadilyto31qin2030,whereasafter2014,gaswillremainstableat25q.

In1980,energyfromnuclear,hydro-andsolar/windpowerwasequalatonly4q.Nuclearhasrisenby3q,andsolar/windby2.Afterslightincreases,hydropowerhasfallenbacktothe1980figure.Itisexpectedtomaintainthisleveluntil2030,whiletheothersshouldriseslightlyafter2025.

Overall,theUSwillcontinuetorelyonfossilfuels,withsustainableandnuclearenergysourcesremainingrelativelyinsignificant.

C10T1WT1

Itisimportantforchildrentolearnthedifferencebetweenrightadwrongatanearlyage.Punishmentisnecessarytohelpthemlearnthisdistinction.ToWhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?

Whatsortofpunishmentshouldparentsandteachersbeallowedtousetoteachgoodbehaviourtochildren?

OneImportantstageinachild’sgrowthiscertainlythedevelopmentofaconscience,whichislinkedtotheabilitytotellrightfromwrong.Thisskillcomeswithtimeandgoodparenting,andmyfirmconvictionisthatpunishmentdoesnothavemuchofaroletoplayinthis.ThereforeIhavetodisagreealmostentirelywiththegivenstatement.

Tosomeextentthequestiondependsontheageofthechild.Topunishaveryyoungchildisbothwrongandfoolish,asaninfantwillnotunderstandwhatishappeningorwhyheorsheisbeingpunished.Oncetheageofreasonisreachedhowever,achildcanberewardedforagoodbehaviouranddiscouragedfrombad.Thiskindbutfirmapproachwillachievemorethanharshpunishments,whichmightentailmanynegativeconsequencesunintendedbytheparents.

Tohelpchildlearnthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong,teachersandparentsshouldfirstlyprovidegoodrolemodellingintheirownbehaviour.Afterthat,ifsanctionsareneeded,thepunishmentshouldnotbeofaphysicalnature,asthatmerelysendsthemessagethatitisacceptableforlargerpeopletohitsmallerones–anoutcomewhichmaywellresultinthechildstartingtobullyothers.Norshouldthepunishmentbeinanywaycruel.

Rather,teacherandparentscanuseavarietyofmethodstodisciplinetheiryoungcharges,suchasdetention,withdrawalofprivileges,andtime-out.Makingthepunishmentfitthecrimeisausefulnotion,whichwouldseechildrenbeingmadetopickuprubbishtheyhavedropped,cleanupgraffititheyhavedrawn,orapologisetosomeonetheyhavehurt.Inthesewaysresponsibilityisdevelopedinthechild,whichleadstomuchbetterfuturebehaviourthandoespunishment.

C10T2WT2

ThetablesbelowiveinformationaboutsalesofFairtrade-labelledcoffeeandbananasin1999and2004nfiveEuropeancountries.

Coffee

1999

（millionsofeuros）

2004

（millionsofeuros）

UK

1.5

20

Switzerland

3

6

Denmark

1.8

2

Belgium

1

1.7

Sweden

0.8

1

Bananas

1999

（millionsofeuros）

2004

（millionsofeuros）

UK

15

47

Switzerland

1

5.5

Denmark

0.6

4

Belgium

1.8

1

Sweden

2

0.9

ThetwotablescontainsalesdataforFairtradecoffeeandbananasin1999and2004,infivenationsofEurope.

Thefirsttableshowslow-levelcoffeesalesinincreasinginallfivecountries,albeittowidelyvaryingdegrees.Intwoplacessalesincreasedbythesamesmallamount:

1.8–2millioneurosinDenmark,and0.8-1millioninSweden.TheincrementwasslightlylargerinBelgium,from1-1.7millioneuros.Meanwhile,inSwitzerlandsalesdoubledfrom3-6millioneuros.Finally,intheUKtherewasanenormousincrease,from1.5-20millioneuros.

Inthesecondtable,itisSwitzerlandwhichstandsoutasbuyingfarmoreFairtradebananasthantheotherfourcountries.Swisssalesfiguresjumpedfor15-47millioneurosacrossthesefiveyears,whileintheUKandBelgiumsalesonlygrewfrom