预防医学考试必背.docx

预防医学考试必背.docx

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预防医学考试必背

PART1

1.Health

Healthisastateofcompletephysical,mental,andsocialwell-beingandnotmerelytheabsenceofdiseaseorinfirmity.

2.Environment

~addressesallthephysical,chemical,biologicalandsocialfactorsexternaltoaperson,whichmayinteractdirectlyorindirectlywithorganisms.

3.Preventivemedicine

~isastudyofmedicinewhichaimsatpopulation,andstudyingthediseasedistribution,influencefactorsbyapplyingbiomedical,environmentalmedicineandsocialmedicine,makingupthepreventivemeasuresforpopulationhealth.

Environmentalmedicine:

amultidisciplinaryfieldinvolvingmedicine,environmentalscience,chemistryandothers.Itinvolvesthestudyofinteractionsbetweenenvironmentandhumanhealth

4.Publichealth

~isthescienceandartofpreventingdisease,prolonginglife,promotingphysicalhealthandefficiencythroughorganizedcommunityefforts.

~iswhatwe,asasociety,docollectivelytoassuretheconditionsforpeopletobehealthy.

5.Publichealthservice

6.Coreofpublichealth（functions）

1）Assessment:

~meanstheassessmentandmonitoringofthehealthofcommunitiesandpopulationsatrisktoidentifyhealthproblemsandpriorities.

2）Policydevelopment

~meanstheformulationofpublicpoliciesdesignedtosolveidentifiedlocalandnationalhealthproblemsandpriorities.

3）Assurance

~meanstoassurethatallpopulationshaveaccesstoappropriateandcost-effectivecare,whichincludeshealthpromotionanddiseasepreventionservices,andevaluationoftheeffectivenessofthecare.

7.Comparepublichealthandmedicalcare

8.Scienceofpublichealthconcernssixareas:

Epidemiology

Statistics

Biomedicalsciences

Environmentalscience

Socialandbehaviorscience

Healthpolicyandmanagementorhealthadministration

9.Preventiononthreelevels:

1）Primaryprevention:

Avoidoccurrenceofanillnessandinjurybypreventingexposuretoriskfactors

2）Secondaryprevention:

Minimizetheseverityofillnessordamage

3）Tertiaryprevention:

Minimizedisabilitybyprovidingmedicalcareandrehabilitationservice

10.Whyispublichealthcontroversial

1）Economicimpact:

~hasanegativeeffect

2）Individualliberty

3）Moralandreligiousopposition

11.Greatchangesinpublichealth

Peoplearehealthiertoday

Cleanwater,air,food

Safedisposalofsewage

Betternutrition

Educationconcerninghealthybehaviors

12.10greatpublichealthachievementsoflastcentury

Vaccination

Motor-vehiclesafety

Saferworkplace

Controlofinfectiousdiseases

Declineindeathsfromcoronaryheartdiseaseandstroke

Safer,healthierfood

Healthiermothersandbabies

Familyplanning

Fluoridationofdrinkingwater

Recognitionoftobaccouseasahealthhazard

13.CurrentchallengesofChinesepublichealth

1）Thehazardsofinfectiousandparasiticdiseasesremainserious

2）Increasingofhazardsofnon-communicabledisease（NCD）

3）Issuesoffoodsafety

4）Chinaisthemostseverelycountryaffectedbyendemicintheworld

5）Thegrimsituationofoccupationaldiseases

6）Theadverseeffectsonhealthbybadbehaviorandlifestylehavebecomeprominent

7）Populationagingisagrowingproblems

8）Environmentalpollutionanditsdamagetohealth

14.Communicablediseases:

1）Emerginginfectiousdisease（EID）:

infectiousdiseasescausedbyanewspeciesoranewpathogenicmicro-organisms

2）Reemerginginfectiousdisease（REID）:

infectiousdiseaseswhichhavebeenbasicallybroughtundercontrolareonceagainbecomingpopular.

15.Healthproblemsresultingfromtheurbanizationdevelopment

Lightpollution,airpollution,urbanrawsewageisdischargeddirectlyintoriver,trafficjams

16.ChallengesincommunityhealthservicesinChina

1）Imbalanceofhealthdevelopmentbetweenurbanandruralarea

2）Healthissuesoffloatingpopulation

Unhealthybehavior

Difficulttomanage

Poorimmunizationprotection

Unsanitarylivingenvironment

3）Healthproblemsresultingfromurbanizationdevelopment

17.CurrenthealthworkpolicyinChina

1）Stressthehealthworkintheruralareas

2）Putthepreventionfirst

3）LayequalstressonthewesternandChinesetraditionalmedicine

4）Relyonthescienceandeducation

5）Mobilizedtheparticipationofthewholesociety

PART2

1.Environmentalhealth

~addressesallthephysical,chemicalandbiologicalfactorsexternaltoaperson,andalltherelatedfactorsimpactingbehaviors.

~encompassestheassessmentandcontrolofthoseenvironmentalfactorsthatcanpotentiallyaffecthealth

~targetstowardspreventingdiseaseandcreatinghealth-supportiveenvironments.

~excludesbehaviornotrelatedtoenvironment,aswellasbehaviorrelatedtothesocialandcultureenvironment,andgenetics.

2.Airpollution

1）~istheinvasionintotheatmosphereofchemicals,particulates,orbiologicalmaterialsthatcausediscomfort,disease,ordeathtohumans,damageotherlivingorganismssuchasfoodcrops,ordamagethenaturalenvironmentorbuiltenvironment.

2）Resources&features:

a.combustion:

Coalandothersolidfuels:

smoke（containingpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons,PAH）

sulphurdioxide

Coalandothersolidfuels,liquidpetroleumproducts（carbonmonoxide,oxidesofnitrogen,otheragent）

Industryandincineration（oxidesofsulphurandnitrogen,polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons,dioxins,etc.）

Fossilfuel（particulatematter,carbondioxide,benzene,lead,secondarypollutants.）

b.Othersources:

Largescaleindustrialreleases,naturalphenomena,pesticidesprayswithorganophosphates.

3）Theadverseeffectofairpollution

a.Asthma,bronchitis,andsimilarlungdiseases

b.Goodevidencerelatinganincreasedriskofsymptomsofthesediseaseswithincreasingconcentrationofsulphurdioxide,ozoneandotherpollutants

c.Pollutionfromparticulatematteratlevelshithertoconsidered“safe”isassociatedwithanincreasedriskofmorbidityandmortalityfromcardiopulmonarydiseaseespeciallyinpeoplewithotherriskfactors（suchasoldage,orheartandlungdisease）

4）Indirecteffectonhealth

a.Greenhouseeffect

b.Ozonedeletion

c.Acidrain

d.Atmosphericbrownclouds,ABC

3.Waterpollution

1）~Isthecontaminationofwaterbodies.Itoccurswhenpollutantsaredirectlyorindirectlydischargedintowaterbodieswithoutadequatetreatmenttoremoveharmfulcomponents.

2）Diseases:

Leachleadfrompipes——neurologicalfunction

Chemicalsaddedtothewater:

Chlorinationofwater——possibleincreasedcancerrisks

Fluoride——mottlingoftheteeth

Nitrate——increasetheriskofmethaemoglobinaemia（bluebabies）inbottlefedinfants

Pesticides

4.Biologicalhazards

1）Produceadversehealtheffectsthroughinfectionways:

Watercontamination:

cholera,coliforms

Legionella

Clinicalwaste

2）Produceadverseeffectsinnon-infective（allergic）ways:

Grasspollengrains,orfaecalmaterialfromhousedustmites——asthmaorhayfever（allergicrhinitis）

Synergisticaleffects:

Airbornechemicalpollution

Naturallyoccurringallergens

Resultineffectsonlungfunctionatconcentrationslower

5.Inwhichregionsoftheworldishealthmostaffectedbyenvironmentalfactors,andhow?

1）Developingregionscarryadisproportionatelyheavyburdenforcommunicablediseasesandinjuries.

2）Nooveralldifferencebetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountriesinthefractionofnon-communicablediseaseattributabletotheenvironmentwasobserved.

3）Childrensufferadisproportionateshareofenvironmentalhealthburden

6.Environmentalepidemiology

~isastudyoftherelationshipbetweenenvironmentalexposuresandhumanhealth.

Observationalstudy

Limitation:

theinabilitytouseexperimentalstudydesigns

Advantage:

directlyobserveeffectsonhumanhealthratherthanestimatingeffectsfromanimalstudies.

7.Exposurescience

~studyhumanexposuretoenvironmentalcontaminantsbybothidentifyingandquantifyingexposures.

~isusedtosupportenvironmentalepidemiology,identifycommonexposures,andriskassessment

Limitation:

notgenerateanyinformationabouthealthoutcomes

Advantage:

accuratelyquantifyexposurestospecificchemicals.

8.Toxicology

~studyhowenvironmentalexposuresleadtospecifichealthoutcomes

Generallyuseanimals,asameantounderstandpossiblehealthoutcomesinhumans.

Limitation:

uncertaintywheninterpretingtheresultsofanimalsstudiesfortheirimplicationsforhumanhealth.

Advantage:

beingabletoconductrandomizedcontrolledtrialsandotherexperimentalstudies.

9.Soilpollution

~isthepollutioncausedbyman-madechemicalsorotherharmfulalterationinthenaturalsoilenvironment,whichincreasethehealthrisksdirectlyorindirectly

Theseveritydependsontheamountandpoisonofpollution,andtheclarifyingcapacityofthesoil.

10.Eutrophication

~istheecosystemresponsetotheadditionofartificialornaturalsubstances,suchasmitratesandphosphates,throughfertilizersorsewage,toanaquaticsystem.Theresultofeutrophicationistheexcessivegrowthoffreshwateralgalbloom,andtheaccumulationoftoxininthewater,andeventuallyharmshumanandotherorganism’health.

PART3

1.Nutrition

~isthescienceoffoodsandthenutrientstheycontain.Itstudiestheactionoffoodsandthenutrientsinthebody,andtherelationshipbetweendietandhealth.

Theactionsinthebodyinclude:

ingestion,digestion,absorption,transport,metabolism,excretion.

2.Nutritionalgoals:

Quality:

intakethatallowsyoutofunctionatyourbestandpromoteshealth.

Quantityofintakethatpromotesahealthybodyweight.

3.Foodphilosophy

Characteristicsofahealthydiet:

adequate,moderate,balanced,varied,nutrientdense.

4.Protein

Secondmostabundantsubstancesinhumans

1）