英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案.docx

英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案.docx

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英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案

BOOklUnit11・WhatWaStheBritiShEmpire?

Whatdoyouknowaboutit?

InWhatWayisthe"Empiτe"Stillf⅛ltinBTitainandintheinternationalfield?

TheBritiShEmPireCOmPriSedthedominions,colonies,protectorates,mandates,andOtherterritoriesruledOradministeredbytheUnitedKingdom,thathadOriginatedWiththeOVerSeaSCOIOnieSandtradingPOStSestablishedbyEnglandintheIate16thandearly17thcenturies.

Intheinternationalfield,BritainhasgreatVOiCeinpolitics,economyandCUItUreandSOon.

2.

WhyimpossibletoSUnlUPBritiShPeOPleWithafewSimPlephrases:

TheUKismadeUPOfdifferentelements.Itincludes4PartSWithintheOnenation-state.ItisnowamultiracialSOCietyWithCIifferentreligionbelieves.ItisdividedeconomicallyanditisaSOCietyWithaclass-structure.AndWithineachOfthefourCOUntrieStherearedifferentregions.SinCethisCOUntryWaSSOCOmPliCatedbothinhistoryOrhumanity,itisimpossibletoSUrnUPtheirPeOPle.

3.

AhistoryOfinvasions:

（1）BefOretheIStCentUryADBritainWaSmadeUPOftribalkindomsOfCeItiCpeople.TheybroughttheCentralEUrOPenCUltUretoBritain.Thenin43AD,ROmanEmPireinvadedBritainandCOntrOlIeditforSlaVeSOCietybutalsodisseminatedtheirCatholicism.

（2）HOWeVeηinthe5thcentury,theROinanEmPirerapidlyWanedinPOWerandBritainWaSCOnqUeredbytheAngIeSandtheSaxons.InOrdertodefendtheSaxons,agreatIeader—KingArthUrappeared・HeCreatedtheHrOUndtable11toSatiSfyalltheknights,requirementOfhavingequalprecedence.ThUSitgraduallyformedthemonarchyinBritainasamoredemocraticsystem.WhetherArthUr,sarealPerSOninthehistoryOrnot,AnglO-SaXOnSdidSUCCeedininvadingBritainandtheyWeretheforefathersOftheEnglish.（3）Inthe8thcentury,theVikingSfromDenmarkCOntrOnedthenothernandeasternEngland・AAnglO-SaXOnherio,kingAlfredtheGreatfoughtagainsttheVikingSWiththetrulyEnglish.Andthat,sWhythere1saCertainCUltUraldifferencebetweennorthernersandSOUthernerSinEngIand（4）Later,theNOmanSfromnorthernFrarice,UndertheIeadingOfWilliamOfNormandy,killedthekingandWiniambecametheFriStOfEngland.TheyimportedarullingCIaSSthatFrenCh-SPeakingNOrmanaristocracyrulledSaXOnandEngliSh-SPeakingPOPUlatiOn.InthisCOndition,thereweren'taIOtOfrebellionsamongtheEngIiShpeople.ThatdirectlyformedanEngliShUniqUeCharaCter:

arichlyUnCOnVentiOnalinteriorIifehiddenbyanexternalconformity.EVentoday,WeCanStillfindthisPerSOnalityfromtheBritiShPeOPIethroughtheirlifestyles.

HoWClidtheyinfluenceCUItlnv:

［接着上边一起看］

（2）aIOtOfStOrieSOfKingArthur,WhiChbroughtaIOtOfsingers,poets,novelistsandfilmmakers.PlaCeSassociatedWithhislegend.ROUndtableWaSWeenasanindicatorOftheWayin

WhiChtheEngIiShhaveWiShedtoSeetheirmonarchasSOmethingOtherthanaremotedictator.（3）anglo-saxoninvadersWeretheforefathersOftheEnglish.ByVikings1SettIementStheEnliShheroesWeretrulyEnglish.ThereremainstothisdayaCertainCUltUraldividebetweennorthernersandSOUthemerSinengland.（4）NOrmanaristocracyrulingaIargeIySaXOnandEngliSh-SPeakingPOPUlation.theIegendOfRObinHood.

4.

GenenIlCharaCteriStiCOfSCOtlanCI:

SCOtlanelistheSeCOndIargeStOfthefournations,bothinPOPUIatiOnandingeographicalarea.ItisalsothemostCOnfidentOfitsOWnidentitybecausealoneamongstthenon-EnglishCOmPOnentSOftheUKithasPreViOUSlySPentaSUbStantialPeriOdOfhistoryasaUnifiedStateindependentOftheUK.

（1）rugged.

（2）notCOnqUeredbytheROmanS（3）maintainitsSeParatePOlitiCalidentityformorethanahundredyears.（4）eagerforindependence.

HoWSCotlandbecamePartOftheImiOnOfGreatBritain:

in1707byagreementOftheEngIiShandSCOttiShparliaments,SCOtlandjoinedtheUnion.In1745thereWaSabrutalmilitaryresponsefromtheBritiSharmy.TherebelarmyWaSdestroyedatthebattleOfCUllOdeninnorthernSCOtland.

5.

DeSCribeWaIeSandtheImifiCationWithBritain:

⑴WaIeSWaSanimportantelementinBritain,sindustrialrevolution,asithadrichCOaldeposits.ItisSUCCeSSfUlinattractinginvestmentfromabroad.WaIeShasbeendominatedbyEnglandforIOngerthantheOthernationsOftheunion.DeSPitethisnearnessandIOng-StandingPOlitiCalintegrationWaleSretainsaPOWerfUlSenSeOfitsdifferencefromEngIand・

（2）WaIeShasbeendominatedbyEnglandforIOngerthantheOthernationsOftheUniorLDeSPitethisnearnessandIOng-StandingPOlitiCalintegrationWaleSretainsaPOWerfUlSenSeOfitsdifferencefromEngIand・In1536,WaleSWaSbroughtlegally,administratively,andPOIitiCallyintotheUKbyanactOftheBritiShParliament.ThiSClOSeIOng-StandingrelationshipmeansthatmodernWaleSIaCkSSOmeOftheOUtWardSignSOfdifferenceWhiChSCOtlandPOSSeSSeS一-itsIegalSyStemanditseducationSyStemareexactlytheSaineasinEngland.

6.

DifferenCeSbetweenEngland,SCOtIandandWaleSintermsOfCUItUraltπκlition:

［书上说的比较散,建议参考festival那章的答案，这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较］

（1）EngliShCharaCter:

arichlyUnCOnVentiOnalinteriorIifehiddenbyanexternalconformity.BUtyoungPeOPIearenotallstereotypes.BUtitisCertainlytruethattheIifeleSSfrontsOfmanyenglishhousesCOnCealbeautifulbackgardens.

（2）ThedreamOfanindependentSCOtlandhasnotvanished.Theyarealwayseagerforfreedom・SCOtlandhasagreattraditionOfinnovationinthearts,PhilOSOPhyandSCienCe.HSUPerfiCiallyfullyintegratedintotheUK,butCOnCeaIedbeneaththisisaStin-StrOngSCOttiShidentity/1

SOlnePeOPIeSPeakGaeIiC.（3）WaleSisdifferent,andOneOfthekeymarkersOfthatdiffeneceistheWelShIangUage―theOIdBritiShCeltiCtongueWhiChisStillindailyuse.MOdernWaIeSIaCkSSOmeOftheOUtWardSignSOfdifferenceWhiChSCOtIandpossesses,（itsIegalSyStemandeducationSyStemareexactlytheSameasinEngIand）

Unit2

1.

WhyisNorthenlIrelanCiSoSignifiCantintheUK:

ThOUghNOrthernIreIandisSmallitisSignifiCantbecauseOfthePOlitiCaltroublesthere.

ItSPoIitiCalproblem:

ThePrObIemisinNOrthemIreIandin1921inSOUthernIrelandindependencefromBritain,IrelandNOrthandSOUthfollowingtheSeParatiOnOfissuesIeftOVerbyhistory,mixeditWithhistorical,political,etlmicandIeIigiOlISconflicts,extremelyCOmPleX・IreIand⅛independence,toremainUnderBritiShruleWithintheframeworkOfthe6inthenorthernislandOfIrelandresidentsOfthePrO-BritiShPrOteStantmajority（about51%）,theCathOliCnationalistIninOrity（about38%）,asaresultOfthetwomajorforcesinNOrthernIrelandOntheCOntraryPOSitiOnOfOWnerShiPandIeadtoCOnfrOntation,COnfIiCt・［因为发现实在太难SUrnUP了，所以就搜了一下，以下是WikiPedia版本［NorthernIreIandWaSformanyyearstheSiteOfaViOIentandbitterethno-politicalCOnfliCt一theTrOUbleS一WhiChWaSCaUSedbydivisionsbetweennationalists,WhOarePredOminantIyROmanCatholic,and

UniOnists,WhOarePredOminantIyProtestant.UniOniStSWantNOrthemIreIandtoremainasaPartOftheUnitedKingdOmJ61WhiIenationalistsWiShforittobePOlitiCallyreunitedWiththerestOfIreland,independentOfBritiShrule.［网纟各其它版本］Until1921thefullnameOftheUKWaS"TheUnitedKingdOmOfGreatBritainandIrelandn,notOnlynNorthernIreIand,∖becausetheWhOleislandOfIreIandWaSPOlitiCallyintegratedWithGreatBritain,andhadbeenSinCe1801,WhileBritain1SdominationOftheIriShdatedbackCentUrieSevenbeforethatdate.BUtIriShdesiresforanindependentIriShStateWereneverlost,andOneOfthekeyissuesinIatenineteenthCentUryBritiShPOlitiCSWaSaCamPaigninParliamentforWhatWaSCanedπhome-ruleπ——IriShPOlitiCalCOntrOlOfIriShaffairs.TheHOmeRUleBillWaSfinallyPaSSedin1914,butthePrOCeSSWaSOVertakenbytheFirStWOrIdWarandWaSSUSPendedforthedurationOftheWa匚

2.

FaCtOrSinIriShandEngliShhistorythataffecttheSitUatiOninNolthenlIreIandtoday:

AIOngWiththePOlitiCalCamPaignforhome-rulethereWeregroupsWhOfollowedamoredirectmethodOfPUrSUingIriShindependence,engaginginguerillaOrterroristactivitiesagainstBritiShinstitutionsandtheBritiShmilitaryforces.DUringtheFirStWOrIdWarandimmediatelyafter,thisactivityincreased,SOmetimeSbrutallySUPPreSSedbyBritiShforces.

3.

SUmUPSOIUtionStoNTSPOlitiCaIProbIemSOfdifferentPartieSandgroupsintheUK:

MargaretThatchefsgovernmentdidnotgiveintothisdemandforPOIitiCalStatUSand11PriSOnerSStarVedtodeath.ThiSeventrevitalisedthePOIitiCalCalnPaignOfSinnFein,theIegalPOlitiCalPartyWhiChSUPPOrtStheIRA,srighttofight.ItSIeaderSSPOkeOfatwinCamPaignforUniOnWithIreland,bothPOlitiCalandmilitary,WhiChtheyCanedthePOliCyOfHTheBUlIetandtheBallOtBox".

4.

WhatCIoyouthinkShoUIdbetherightSOIUtiOntothePOIitiCaIPrObIeminNoIIheTnIreland:

IthinktheyCanasktheUNforhelp./KeePthePreSentstatus.TUrrltoOtherCOUntrieSforhelp.［自由发挥啦］

Unit3

1.

ChameteriStiCSOftheBritiShConStitUtionaImonarchy:

ThemonarchOftheCOUntryhasIimitedrightsbecauseOfBiilOfRight.FOrexample,WhiIetheOffiCialheadOfStateisthequeen,herPOWerSareIargelytraditionalandsymbolic.ThegovernmentatnationalandIOCalIeVeISiselectedbythePeOPIeandgovernsaccordingtoBritiShCOnStitUtiOnalPrinCipies.

HoWtheEngliShmonarchyevolvedtoPwSentConStitUtionalmonarchy:

OriginalIythePOWerOfthemonarchWaSIargelyderivedfromtheancientdoctrineOftheHdiVinerightOfkings11.FOrathousandyearsBritainhashadahereditarykingOrqueenastheheadOfthestate.WhiletheKingintheoryhadGOdOnhisside,inPraCtiCeeveninmedievaltimesitWaSthoughtthatheShOUIdnotexerciseabsolutePOWer.KingJOhn