英美文学重点知识归纳.docx

英美文学重点知识归纳.docx

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英美文学重点知识归纳

英美文学重点知识归纳

OldEnglish:

450-1066

thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saons

MedievalEnglish:

1066-middle14thcentury

GeoffreyChaucer-thefatherofEnglishpoetry（wisdom,humor,humanity）

firsttimetouse'heroiccouplet'

TheRenaissancePeriod14th-mid17thstartedinItaly

Aseriesofhistoricalevents:

1.rediscoveryofancientRoman&Greekculture

2.newdiscoveriesingeography&astrology（占星学）

3.thereligiousreformation&economicexpansion

TheRenaissance-rebirthorrevival

Humanism-theessenceoftheRenaissanee,thedignityofhumanbeing&theimportanceofthepresentlife

Bestrepresentatives:

ThomasMore,ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare

TheElizabethandrama:

therealmainstreamofEnglishRenaissance

Mostfamousdramatists:

ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare,BenJonson

EdmundSpenser]-thepoets'poet

5quality:

1）aperfectmelody2）araresenseofbeauty3）asplendidimagination

4）alofty（高尚的）moralpurityandseriousness5）adedicatedidealism

lament（哀悼）overthelossofRosalind

主角：

Arthur-whopossess12virtues

Gloriana-theFairyQueen

Thethemeisnot“Armsandtheman,”butsomethingmoreromantic-

Fiercewarresandfaithfullloves”

READING:

excerptfromTheFaerieQueene仙后

University

Wits”

thepioneer

of

Englishdrama

Content:

RedcrosseKnightsetoutonhisadventures.

ChristopherMarlowe

Hyperbole（夸张）

Marlowe'achievement:

1）blankverse无韵诗歌

ItisMarlowewhobroughtvitality（活力）andgrandeur（伟

大）intotheblankversewithhismightylines,”whiclcarrystrongemotions.

2）hiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.（notstrongindramaticconstruction.）tthepioneerofEnglishdrama

3tragedies:

thehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness

帖木耳大

帝aplayaboutanambitiousandpitilessoverpoweringking.

马尔他的犹太人

non-dramapastoral（田园的）life,

themostbeautifullyrics（抒情诗）

READING:

1.excerptfromDr.Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧

AplaybasedontheGermanlegend

Content:

Faustusisascholarwhohasastrongdesiretoacquireknowledge.Byconjuration（念咒文召唤）hecallupMephistophilis,theDevil'servant.Hemakeabond（契

约）tosellhissoultotheDevilinreturnfor24yearsoflifeinwhichMephistophilistogivehimeverythinghedesires.Devil'nameisLucifer.

Dominantmoralishumanratherthanreligious

2.ThePassionate热情的）ShepherdtoHisLove

thisshortpoemisconsideredtobeoneofthemostbeautifullyrics（抒情诗）inEnglishliterature.Theshepherd（牧羊人）enjoyanidealcountrylife,cherishing（珍爱）apastoral（田园的）andpureaffectionforhislove.Strongemotionisconveyedthroughthebeautyofnature.

WilliamShakespeare|-playwright&poet（aboveallwritersinthepastandinthepresenttime）

1.,vRichard皿>…

2.vRichardn>,vHenryIV>,vHenryV>,vKingJohn>…

Comedies:

,,

…

Tragedy:

romantictragedy.TopraisethefaithfuInessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.

3.Fourtragedies-vHamlet>,vOthello>,vKingLear>&vMacbeth>

4.tragicomedies:

vTheTempest>

Achievement:

A.exploringthecharactersinnermind.

soliloquy（独白）ormonologue-fullyrevealtheinnerconflictofthecharacters

contrasts-bringvividnesstothecharacters

B.adroit（精巧的）plotconstruction

C.Ironyisagoodmeansofdramaticpresentation.Disguiseisanimportantdevicetocreatedramaticirony.

D.theIanguage.

READING:

1.Sonnet18（14line）

eternalorimmortal（不朽的）beauty,haveafaithinthepermanenceofpoetry.Anicesummer'dayisusuallytransient（短暂的）,butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.

2.excerptfromTheMerchantofVenice

topraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,toexposetheinsatiable（不知足的）greedandbrutalityoftheJew.

Doubleplot:

（1）BassanioaskAntonioforaloansothathemightmarriagewithPortia

（2）AntonioborrowmoneyfromShylock,theJewishusurer.ShylockmakeastrangebondthatrequiresAntoniotosurrenderapoundofhisfleshifhefailtorepayhimwithinacertainperiodoftime.Portiadisguisedasayounglawyerinstructedtojudgethecase:

Shylockcantakehispoundoffl

esh,butthereisnomentionofbloodinthebond.Otherwise,hislandsandgoodswillbeconfiscated（充公）accordingtohelawofVenice.

3.ExcerptfromHamlet

hesitatebetweenfactandfiction,Ianguageandaction,toosophisticated（复杂的）todegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevenger

content:

Hamlet,theprince,appearinginamoodofworld-weariness（厌

世）occasionedbyhisfather'sdea-thdhismother'hastyremarriagewithClaudius,hisfather'sbrother.HamletisinformedthatClaudiushasmurderedhisfatherandthentakenoverbothhisfather'throneandwidow.ThusHamletisurgedtoseekrevenge.

Note:

Tobe,ornottobe-toliveoninthisworldortodie;tosufferortotakeaction

Francis.Bacon|-philosopher,scientist,essayist,laythefoundationformodernscience

HisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature.

Bacon'essaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactness&powerfuIness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions（典故），metaphors（隐喻）andcadenee（韵律）.

vTheAdvancementofLearning〉man'snderstandingconsistsofthreeparts:

historytoman'smemory,poetrytoman'dmaginationandcreation,andphilosophytoman'reason.

vNovumOrganum>writteninLatinonmethodology方法论

Baconsuggeststheinductivereasoning归纟纳

法（i.e.proceedingfromtheparticulartothegeneral）

inplaceofAristotelianmethod,thedeductivereasoning演绎

法（i.e.proceedingfromthegeneraltotheparticular）

READING:

OfStudies

usesandbenefitsofstudy-studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Studiesperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperienee.Differentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies-studiesandexperieneearecomplementary（互

补）toeachother.Thecorrectattitudetoreadingbooks-toweighandconsider.Howstudiesexert

John

Donne

"Metaphysicalpoetry

influeneeoverhumancharacter-readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.

（玄学诗）-breakawayfromlovepoetry,thediction（用

poet'bel

语）issimple,theimageryisfromtheactual,theformisfrequentlyanargumentwiththeoved,withGod,orwithhimself.

A）conceitsB）syllogism（三段论）

Poetry早

期:

holdsthatthenatureofloveistheunionofsoulandbody.

晚期:

vHolySonnets>religiouspoem

Prose:

hissermons,whicharebothrichandimaginative

READING:

1.TheSunRising2.Death,BeNotProud（asonnet,14lines）

thebusysunisalwaysreadytointerferewithotherthingsandeverywhere

whateveryouare,youcannotescapefromdeath.Whenyouareliving,youarealwaysintheshadowofdeath.Deathonlylastsamoment,ourlifeafterdeathiseternal.Themorepleasurethedeathgivespeople,notonlythepleasureoftherest&thesleep,because'who

mthegodslovedieyoung'.Thoughdeathisusuallyconsideredpowerful,itactuallyprovidesarestforaman'sbodyandabirthforhissoul.

JohnMilton|

Achievement:

1）theearlypoeticworks2）themiddleprose（散文）3）thelastgreatpoemsElegy（挽歌）-利西达斯（hisearlywork）

Epic（史诗）-

Dramaticpoem（诗居U）-力士参

孙themostperfectexampleoftheversedramaaftertheGreekstyleinEnglish.

READING:

excerptfromParadiseLost

theonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf.Theconflictisbetweenhumanloveandspiritualduty.ThefreedomofthewillisthekeystoneofMilton'creed（纲领）.

TakefromtheOldTestament,thethemeisthe“FakbfMan"：

SatanrebelagainstGodandaredrivenfromHeaven.Hedeterminedtorevengebyseduce（弓丨

诱）AdamandEvetoeatthefruitfromtheTreeofKnowledgeagainstGodsinstructions.So,AdamandEveareexiledbyGodfromtheparadise.

dColeridge

-arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,restrainedemotion（抑制情感）&accuracy

theAgeofEnlightenment/Reason-themovementwasafurtheraneeoftheRenaissaneeofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason（rationality）,equality&scienee（the18thcentury）

modernEnglishnovel-newlyrisingliteraryform现实主义小说诞生（themid-century）Gothicnovel（哥特式小说）-mystery,horror&castles（frommiddleparttotheendofcentury）

JohnBunyanI

REAING:

TheVanityFair名利场anexcerptformThePilgrim'Progress（天路历程）

,areligiousallegory（寓

言）,itspurposeistourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrinesandseeksalvation（拯

救）throughconstantstruggleswiththeirownweaknessesandallkindsofsocialevils.Itspredomi

Alexander

PopeI

oneofthefirsttointroduce

nantmetaphor-lifeasajourney

rationalismtoEngland,forhimthesupremevaluewasorder.

READING:

excerptfromAnEssayonCriticis%论批评）

apoemwritteninheroiccouplets（对

句）,criticizethepresentpoemlackoftruetaste&callonpeopletoturntotheoldGreekandRomanwritersforguidanee,truewitwhichisbestsetinaplain（simple&clear）style.

Daniel|Defoe-thefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hisIanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular（方