高考复习三轮冲刺微专题科学信息 无答案.docx

高考复习三轮冲刺微专题科学信息 无答案.docx

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高考复习三轮冲刺微专题科学信息无答案

科学信息

A

Americansarenotfamousforself-deprivation,butexpertssayweconsistentlyfailtogetagoodnight'ssleep.Therecommendeddailyrequirementsshouldsoundfamiliar:

eighthoursofsleepanightforadultsandatleastanhourmoreforadolescents.Yet71%ofAmericanadultsand85%ofteensdonotgetthesuggestedamount.“Sleepissortoflikefood,?

saysRobertStickgold,acognitive（认知的）neuroscientistatHarvardMedicalSchoolBut,headds，there'soneimportantdifference:

“Youcanbequitestarvedandstillalive,andIthinkweappreciatehowhorriblethatmustbe.Butmanyofasliveontheedgeofsleepstarvationandjustacceptit”

Partoftheproblemisthatwearesousedtobeingsleepdeprivedandcopingwiththatconditionthatwenolongernoticehowexhaustedwereallyare.In2003,sleepexpertDavidDingesattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaSchoolofMedicinetestedtheeffectsofrestrictingsleeptoeight,six,orfourhoursanightfortwoweeks.Duringthefirstfewdays,subjectssleepinglessthaneighthoursadmittedtobeingtiredandlackingalertness.ButbyDay4,mostpeoplehadadaptedtotheirnewbaselinesleepinessandreportedfeelingfine—evenastheircognitiveperformancecontinuedtodecline-Overtime,theybecamesoexhaustedthattheyhaddifficultyconcentratingoneventhesimplesttasks.“Thehumanbrain.konlycapableofaboutsixteenhoursofwakefulnessaday，”saysDinges.“Whenyougetbeyondthat,itcan'tfunctionasefficientlyaccuratelyorwell.”

Intherealworldspeopleovercometheirsleepinessbydrinkingcoffeeortakingawalk.Butthentheyfindthemselvesnoddingoffinmeetingsorworse,behindthewheel,Thoseshortsnatchesofunconsciousnessarewhatresearcherscallmicro-sleep,asuresignofsleepdeprivation,“Ifpeoplearefallingasleepbecause‘theofficewashot'or‘themeetingwasboring,'that'snotcopingwithsleeploss.Iwouldarguethatthey'reaffectingtheirproductivecapability,saysDinges.

Whatmostpeopledon'trealizeisthatthepurposeofsleepmaybemoretorestthemindthantorestthebody.Sleephelpsstrengthenmemory,improvejudgment,promotelearningandconcentration,boostmood,speedreactiontimeandsharpenproblemsolvingandaccuracy.AccordingtoSoniaAncoli-Israel,apsychologistattheUniversityofCaliforniawho’sdoneextensivestudiesintheagingpopulation,lackofsleepmayevenresemblethesymptomsofdementia（痴呆）。

Inrecentfindings,shewasabletoimprovecognitivefunctioninpatientswithmildtomoderateAlzheimer'ssimplybytreatingtheirsleepdisorder.“Theneedforsleepdoesnotchangealotwithage,”saysAncoli-Israel,butoftenbecauseofillnessesandthemedications,“theabilitytosleepdoes.”

Ifyoulacksleep,there’splentyyoucandotopaybackyoursleepdebt.Forstarters，takeyourmom'sadvice,andgettobedearly.Ifyoucan’tmanagetosleeplongerat.night，trytosqueezeinamiddaynap.TimothyRoehrs,directorofresearchatthesleepDisordersandResearchCenteratHenryFordHospitaladvisesagainstoversleepingonweekendmorningstomakeupforaworkweekofdeprivation;laterrisingcanmakeitevenharderlatertogetafullnightsrest.

AccordingtoDinges,themostcommonreasonwedepriveourselvesofsleepiswork.Batconsiderthatingivinguptwohoursofbedtimetodomorework，you5relosingaquarterofyourrecommendednightlysleepandgainingjust12%moretimeduringtheday.Whatifyoucouldbe12%moreproductiveinstead?

Ifmentalsharpnessisyourgoal,theanswerisclear:

stopdeprivingyourself,andgetagoodnight'ssleep.

65.WecanlearnfromDinges'experimentthat.

A.sleepinglessthan8hourswon'tcausephysicaldiscomfort

B.peoplegeteasilyusedtolackofsleepinlessthan4days

C.peopletendtoignorethedeclineinmentalsharpness

D.peoplecankeepthemselvesawakeforonlysixteenhours65-In66.Paragraph3,66.theauthorshowsthatapersonwhoissleepdeprived.

A.remainsproductivebydrinkingcoffeeortakingawalk

B.failstocopewithsleeplossthroughnoddingoff

C.engagesinmicrosleeptomaintainproductivity

D.fellsasleepduetothehightemperatureandboredom

67.Theunderlinedword“that”inParagraph3refersto.

A.microsleepB.sleepdeprivation

C.thehotofficeroomD.theboringmeeting

68.AccordingtopsychologistSoniaAncoli-Israel,.

A.theelderlydon'tneedasmuchsleepastheyusedto

B.theabilitytosleepisnotaffectedbymedications

C.sleepdeprivationmaylooklikethesymptomsofdementia

D.peoplewithAlzheimer’scannotbetreatedforsleepdisorders

69.What'stheauthor'sattitudetopeople’sacceptanceofsleepdeprivation?

A.Supportive.B.AmbiguousC.CautiousD‘Worried

70.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthisarticle?

A.Toraisepeople’sawarenessofthehiddensleepdeprivation.

B.Tourgepeopletocatchuponlosttimeforagoodnight'ssleep.

C.ToshowthecommonphenomenonofsleeplossinAmerica,

D.Toexplainthereasonswhypeopleacceptsleepstarvation.

B

Themostcomplexobjectknowntohumanityisthehumanbrain—andnotonlyisitcomplex,butitisoneofthefewnaturalphenomenathatsciencehasnoconsciousnessof.Totrytoreplicate（复制）somethingthatissopoorlyunderstoodmaythereforeseemlikepride.Butyouhavetostartsomewhere,andInternationalBusinessMachines（IBM）andtheEcolePolytechniqueFederaledeLausanne（EPFL）,inSwitzerland,proposetostartbyreplicating“insilico”,oneofthebrain’sbuildingblocks.

Inapartnershipannounced,thetwoorganizationssaidtheywouldbeworkingtogethertobuildasimulation（模拟）ofastructureknownasaneo-cortical（新大脑皮质的）columnonatypeofIBMsupercomputerthatiscurrentlyusedtostudythemolecularfunctioningofgenes.Ifthatworks,theyplantousemorepowerfulcomputerstolinksuchsimulatedcolumnstogetherintosomethingthatmimics（模仿）abrain.

Inarealbrain,aneo-corticalcolumnisacylindrical（圆柱形的）elementaboutathirdofamillimeterindiameterandthreemillimeterslong.Itisthesecolumns,arrangedsidebysidelikethecellsofahoneycomb,whichmakeupthefamous“greymatter”thathasbecomeshorthandforhumanintelligence.TheBlueGene/Lsupercomputerthatwillbeusedforthesimulationconsistsofenoughindependentprocessorsforeachtobeprogrammedtomimicanindividualnervecellinacolumn.

TheEPFL’scontributiontotheBlueBrainProjectwillbetocreateadigitaldescriptionofhowthecolumnsbehave.ThedatabasefromitsBrainMindInstitutewillprovidetherawmaterialforthesimulation.Biologistsandcomputerscientistswillthenconnecttheartificialnervecellsupinawaythatmimicsnature.Theywilldosobyassigningelectricalproperties（电能）tothem,andtellingthemhowtocommunicatewitheachotherandhowtheyshouldmodifytheirconnectionswithoneanotherdependingontheiractivity.

Thatwillbenomeanfeat.Evenasinglenervecelliscomplicated,notleastbecauseeachonehasabout10,000connectionswithothers.Andnervecellscomeingreatvariety—relying,forexample,ondifferentchemicaltransmitterstocarrymessagesacrossthoseconnections.Eventually,however,adigitalrepresentationofanentirecolumnShouldoccur.

AssumingthatthegrowthofcomputingpowercontinuestofollowMoore’sLaw,theleaderofIBM’ssidethinksitshouldbepracticaltomimicanentirehumanbraininsilicothiswayintentofifteenyears.Suchanartificialbrainwould,ofcourse,beapowerfulresearchtool.Itwouldallowneurologicalexperimentsthatcurrentlytakedaysina“weblab”tobeconductedinseconds.Theresearchershopethattheirsimulatedbrainwillrevealthesecretsofhowcertainpsychiatricandneurological,disordersdevelop.Butthatisprobablynottherealreasonfordoingit.Themostinterestingquestion,surely,iswhethersuchanartificialbrainwillbeintelligent,orconscious,orboth.

63.Inarealbrain,aneo-corticalcolumn____________.

A.lookslikethecellsofahoneycomb

B.isasimulationofastructure

C.isthefamous“greymatter”

D.containsalargenumberofnervecells

64.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentence“Thatwillbenomeanfeat”inParagraph5indicate?

A.Itisratherdifficulttoconnecttheartificialnerveceilsup.

B.Thefunctionofchemicaltransmittersishardtounderstand.

C.Adigitalrepresentationofanentirecolumnistime-consuming.

D.Asinglenervecelliscomplicatedtoidentifyacrossconnections.

65.Thefundamentalpurposeofdoingtheresearchisprobably____________.

A.tosimulateanentirehumanbraininsilico

B.totellushowsomecertaindisordersemerge

C.todiscoverhowtheartificialbrainwouldwork

D.toexaminewhetherMoore’sLawisstillfunctioning

66.Whattypeofwritingisthispassage?

A.Asciencefiction

C.AnofficialdocumentB.Aresearchreport

D.Acomputeradvertisement

C

RecentsummertemperaturesinpartsofAustraliawerehighenoughtomeltasphalt.Asglobalwarmingspeedsuptheheatandclimaticeventsincrease,manyplantsmaybeunabletocope.Butatleastonespeciesofeucalyptustreecanresistextremeheatbycontinuingto“sweat”whenotheressentialprocessesstop,anewstudyfinds.

Asplantschangesunlightintofood,orphotosynthesize（光合作用）,theyabsorbcarbon

dioxidethroughporesontheirleaves.Theseporesalsoreleasewaterviatranspiration（蒸腾）,whichcirculatesnutrientsthroughtheplantandhelpscoolitbyevaporation（蒸发）.Butexceptionallyhightemperaturesareknowntogreatlyreducephotosynthesis—andmostexisting

plantmodelssuggestthisshouldalsodecreasetranspiration,leavingtreesindangeroffatallyoverheating.Becauseitisd