通信工程专业外文翻译蜂窝无线通信系统的仿真.docx

通信工程专业外文翻译蜂窝无线通信系统的仿真.docx

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通信工程专业外文翻译蜂窝无线通信系统的仿真

外文原文：

SIMULATIONOFACELLULARRADIOSYSTEM

———takenfrom《PrenticeHall-PrinciplesOfCommunicationSystemsSimulationWithWirelessAplications》page672-676

1.Introduction

Awidevarietyofwirelesscommunicationsystemshavebeendevelopedtoprovideaccesstothecommunicationsinfrastructureformobileorfixedusersinamyriadofoperatingenvironments.Mostoftoday’swirelesssystemsarebasedonthecellularradioconcept.Cellularcommunicationsystemsallowalargenumberofmobileuserstoseamlesslyandsimultaneouslycommunicatetowirelessmodemsatfixedbasestationsusingalimitedamountofradiofrequency（RF）spectrum.TheRFtransmissionsreceivedatthebasestationsfromeachmobilearetranslatedtobaseband,ortoawidebandmicrowavelink,andrelayedtomobileswitchingcenters（MSC）,whichconnectthemobiletransmissionswiththePublicSwitchedTelephoneNetwork（PSTN）.Similarly,communicationsfromthePSTNaresenttothebasestation,wheretheyaretransmittedtothemobile.Cellularsystemsemployeitherfrequencydivisionmultipleaccess（FDMA）,timedivisionmultipleaccess（TDMA）,codedivisionmultipleaccess（CDMA）,orspatialdivisionmultipleaccess（SDMA）.

Wirelesscommunicationlinksexperiencehostilephysicalchannelcharacteristics,suchastime-varyingmultipathandshadowingduetolargeobjectsinthepropagationpath.Inaddition,theperformanceofwirelesscellularsystemstendstobelimitedbyinterferencefromotherusers,andforthatreason,itisimportanttohaveaccuratetechniquesformodelinginterference.Thesecomplexchannelconditionsaredifficulttodescribewithasimpleanalyticalmodel,althoughseveralmodelsdoprovideanalyticaltractabilitywithreasonableagreementtomeasuredchanneldata.However,evenwhenthechannelismodeledinananalyticallyelegantmanner,inthevastmajorityofsituationsitisstilldifficultorimpossibletoconstructanalyticalsolutionsforlinkperformancewhenerrorcontrolcoding,equalization,diversity,andnetworkmodelsarefactoredintothelinkmodel.Simulationapproaches,therefore,areusuallyrequiredwhenanalyzingtheperformanceofcellularcommunicationlinks.

Likewirelesslinks,thesystemperformanceofacellularradiosystemismosteffectivelymodeledusingsimulation,duetothedifficultyinmodelingalargenumberofrandomeventsovertimeandspace.Theserandomevents,suchasthelocationofusers,thenumberofsimultaneoususersinthesystem,thepropagationconditions,interferenceandpowerlevelsettingsofeachuser,andthetrafficdemandsofeachuser,combinetogethertoimpacttheoverallperformanceseenbyatypicaluserinthecellularsystem.Theaforementionedvariablesarejustasmallsamplingofthemanykeyphysicalmechanismsthatdictatetheinstantaneousperformanceofaparticularuseratanytimewithinthesystem.Thetermcellularradiosystem,therefore,referstotheentirepopulationofmobileusersandbasestationsthroughoutthegeographicservicearea,asopposedtoasinglelinkthatconnectsasinglemobileusertoasinglebasestation.Todesignforaparticularsystem-levelperformance,suchasthelikelihoodofaparticularuserhavingacceptableservicethroughoutthesystem,itisnecessarytoconsiderthecomplexityofmultipleusersthataresimultaneouslyusingthesystemthroughoutthecoveragearea.Thus,simulationisneededtoconsiderthemulti-usereffectsuponanyoftheindividuallinksbetweenthemobileandthebasestation.

Thelinkperformanceisasmall-scalephenomenon,whichdealswiththeinstantaneouschangesinthechanneloverasmalllocalarea,orsmalltimeduration,overwhichtheaveragereceivedpowerisassumedconstant.Suchassumptionsaresensibleinthedesignoferrorcontrolcodes,equalizers,andothercomponentsthatservetomitigatethetransienteffectscreatedbythechannel.However,inordertodeterminetheoverallsystemperformanceofalargenumberofusersspreadoverawidegeographicarea,itisnecessarytoincorporatelarge-scaleeffectssuchasthestatisticalbehaviorofinterferenceandsignallevelsexperiencedbyindividualusersoverlargedistances,whileignoringthetransientchannelcharacteristics.Onemaythinkoflink-levelsimulationasbeingavernieradjustmentontheperformanceofacommunicationsystem,andthesystem-levelsimulationasbeingacoarse,yetimportant,approximationoftheoveralllevelofqualitythatanyusercouldexpectatanytime.

Cellularsystemsachievehighcapacity（e.g.,servealargenumberofusers）byallowingthemobilestationstoshare,orreuseacommunicationchannelindifferentregionsofthegeographicservicearea.Channelreuseleadstoco-channelinterferenceamonguserssharingthesamechannel,whichisrecognizedasoneofthemajorlimitingfactorsofperformanceandcapacityofacellularsystem.Anappropriateunderstandingoftheeffectsofco-channelinterferenceonthecapacityandperformanceisthereforerequiredwhendeployingcellularsystems,orwhenanalyzinganddesigningsystemmethodologiesthatmitigatetheundesiredeffectsofco-channelinterference.Theseeffectsarestronglydependentonsystemaspectsofthecommunicationsystem,suchasthenumberofuserssharingthechannelandtheirlocations.Otheraspects,morerelatedtothepropagationchannel,suchaspathloss,shadowfading（orshadowing）,andantennaradiationpatternsarealsoimportantinthecontextofsystemperformance,sincetheseeffectsalsovarywiththelocationsofparticularusers.Inthischapter,wewilldiscusstheapplicationofsystem-levelsimulationintheanalysisoftheperformanceofacellularcommunicationsystemundertheeffectsofco-channelinterference.Wewillanalyzeasimplemultiple-usercellularsystem,includingtheantennaandpropagationeffectsofatypicalsystem.Despitethesimplicityoftheexamplesystemconsideredinthischapter,theanalysispresentedcaneasilybeextendedtoincludeotherfeaturesofacellularsystem.

2CellularRadioSystem

System-LevelDescription：

CellularsystemsprovidewirelesscoverageoverageographicserviceareabydividingthegeographicareaintosegmentscalledcellsasshowninFigure17.1.Theavailablefrequencyspectrumisalsodividedintoanumberofchannelswithagroupofchannelsassignedtoeachcell.Basestationslocatedineachcellareequippedwithwirelessmodemsthatcancommunicatewithmobileusers.Radiofrequencychannelsusedinthetransmissiondirectionfromthebasestationtothemobilearereferredtoasforwardchannels,whilechannelsusedinthedirectionfromthemobiletothebasestationarereferredtoasreversechannels.Theforwardandreversechannelstogetheridentifyaduplexcellularchannel.Whenfrequencydivisionduplex（FDD）isused,theforwardandreversechannelsaresplitinfrequency.Alternatively,whentimedivisionduplex（TDD）isused,theforwardandreversechannelsareonthesamefrequency,butusedifferenttimeslotsfortransmission.

High-capacitycellularsystemsemployfrequencyreuseamongcells.Thisrequiresthatco-channelcells（cellssharingthesamefrequency）aresufficientlyfarapartfromeachothertomitigateco-channelinterference.ChannelreuseisimplementedbycoveringthegeographicserviceareawithclustersofNcells,asshowninFigure17.2,whereNisknownastheclustersize.

TheRFspectrumavailableforthegeographicserviceareaisassignedtoeachcluster,suchthatcellswithinaclusterdonotshareanychannel.IfMchannelsmakeuptheentirespectrumavailablefortheservicearea,andifthedistributionofusersisuniformovertheservicearea,theneachcellisassignedM/Nchannels.Astheclustersarereplicatedovertheservicearea,thereuseofchannelsleadstotiersofco-channelcells,andco-channelinterferencewillresultfromthepropagationofRFenergybetweenco-channelbasestationsandmobileusers.Co-channelinterferenceinacellularsystemoccurswhen,forexample,amobilesimultaneouslyreceivessignalsfromthebasestationinitsowncell,aswellasfromco-channelbasestationsinnearbycellsfromadjacenttiers.Inthisinstance,oneco-channelforwardlink（basestationtomobiletransmission）isthedesiredsignal,andtheotherco-channelsignalsreceivedbythemobileformthetotalco-channelinterferenceatthereceiver.Thepowerleveloftheco-channelinterferenceiscloselyrelatedtotheseparationdistancesamongco-channelcells.Ifwemodelthecellswithahexagonalshape,asinFigure17.2,theminimumdistancebetweenthecenteroftwoco-channelcells,calledthereusedistance

is

（17.1）

whereRisthemaximumradiusofthecell（thehexagonisinscribedwithintheradius）.Therefore,wecanimmediatelyseefromFigure17.2thatasmallclustersize（smallreusedistance

）,leadstohighinterferenceamongco-channelcells.

Thelevelofco-channelinterferencereceivedwithinagivencellisalsodependentonthenumberofactiveco-channelcellsatanyinstantoftime.Asmentionedbefore,co-channelcellsaregroupedintotierswithrespecttoaparticularcellofinterest.Thenumberofco-channelcellsinagiventierdependsonthetierorderandthegeometryadoptedtorepresenttheshapeofacell（e.g.,thecoverageareaofanindividualbasestation）.Fortheclassichexagonalshape,theclosestco-channelcellsarelocatedinthefirsttierandtherearesixco-channelcells.Thesecondtierconsistsof12co-channelcells,thethird,18,andsoon.Thetotalco-channelinterferenceis,therefore,thesumoftheco-channelinterferencesignalstransmittedfromallco-channelcellsofalltiers.However,co-channelcellsbelongingto