英美概况.docx

英美概况.docx

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英美概况

1.KnowkeypointsabouteachWAR（reason,timeframe,betweenwho,result）.

1）（1754-1763）FrenchandIndianWar（partofSevenYears’War）（p.273）

法国印第安人战争:

北美大陆进行的法英战争，以法国失败而告终，英国获得法属北美殖民地

Reason:

BothFranceandEnglandclaimedtheOhioRiver.1754Frenchwasattackedby被所迫害Englishcolonists殖民者beginsconflict冲突.

1756:

colonial殖民地的warbecomesworldwar（SevenYears’War）‏

1759:

Britishcapture捕获Quebec魁北克

1763:

Treaty条约ofParis–Britainwonallthelandbetweenthe13Colonies殖民地andtheMississippi

River.TheyalsogotFloridafromSpain.BritishEmpire大英帝国inAmericadoublesinsize.

2）RevolutionaryWar革命战争（or“WarofIndependence”独立战争）（p.282）

Yorktown,1781,Decisivebattle决定性的战斗,betweenEnglishandAmericans.

Frenchaid援助iscrucial关键的;LordCornwallissurrenders投降toWashington;Englanddecidesthewaristoocostly高代价的,theyleave.Americanwon.

Result:

结果TreatyofParis,1783.13coloniesfree&independent;Canadaremains残余partofBritishEmpire;Britaincedes割让NorthwestTerritory西北地区toUnitedStates.

3）-Warof1812（p.299）

Cause:

WarbetweenBritainandAmerica.

-Indiantroubles&Britishweapons武器sales销售u.

-Britainwasatwarwith与交战France（Napoleon拿破仑）sotheytriedtorestrict限制UStrade贸易withFrance.（Neutrality中立–UShadtherightto有权做trade.）

-Britishwantedtosearch搜索AmericanshipsforBritishdeserters逃犯.

-Desirefor渴望expansion扩张

Result:

AmericanFailure失败-PresidentMadisondeclaredwaron发动进攻Britain

-Failedinvasion入侵ofCanada.

-WashingtonD.C.burned遍体鳞伤,1814.

Endof结束Warof1812-Compromise妥协peacetreaty和平条约,December,1814

-BritainandAmericawereatpeace处于和平状态afterthisandlaterbecameallies同盟国.

-Americadidn’ttrytoinvade进攻Canadaagain

4）MexicanWar墨西哥战争（p.304）1846-1848BetweenMexicoandAmerica

-Spiritof“ManifestDestiny天定命运”–Americanexpansion扩张divinely凭神的力量ordained颁布命令

-1845Texas得克萨斯州joinstheUnitedStates

-Shots射击firedindisputed在争论中territory领土

-GreatAmericanvictories胜利

-1848treaty条约:

USgets1/3ofMexico,includingArizona,NewMexico,&California

5）-CivilWar内战（p.316）1861-1865

Cause-NorthandSouthhaddifferenteconomies.

-NorthandSouthhaddifferentcultures,values,beliefs信仰.

-Disagreementsaboutslavery奴隶制度.

-Southwantedtoseparate分离fromNorth.

Result-TheNorth北方won.Theabolition废除ofslaveryandequal平等chanceforeveryonewasnotperfectlyachieved.

6）American-SpanishWarof1898（p.334）

-Americastartedtoexpand,imperialism帝国主义,andwantedtobuyCuba.

-Spaincontrolled控制Cuba,anddidn’twanttosellit.

-AmericannewspaperssaythattheCubans古巴人wanttobeliberatedfrom解放Spain.

-Problemsarise出现inCuba,andanAmericanbattleship战舰issentto发送到protecttheAmericansthere.

-Theshipisattackedandsunk.Warwith与交战Spainstarted.

-USinvaded入侵Cubaandwins.

-USandSpainfight战斗inthePhilippines菲律宾,USwins.

-USacquires获得Philippines,Guam关岛,andPuertoRico波多黎各

-Cubawasgrantedindependence独立1902

7）WorldWar1（1914-1918）（p.338）

-Atfirst,theUSstayed停止neutral中立.

-In1915,Germanysank沉陷aUSsubmarine潜艇,TheLusitania.ButtheUSstilldidn’tfight.

-In1917,Germanystartedattacking进攻moresubmarines潜艇.Also,theypromisedtogivepartofAmericatoMexicoifMexicowouldjoinGermany.

-Afterthis,theUSjoinedthewar.TheybegansendingsoldierstohelpFrance.

Result:

Versailles凡尔赛Treaty条约

-Americansweredisillusioned令人幻灭withtreatyandbegantoretreatfrom退出worldaffairs国际事务.

-Possiblytheworstpeacetreaty和平条约inhistory.

-Germanyforced强迫tosign签订“WarGuiltClause”admitting承认sole唯一responsibilityforwar.

-Thisdirectlyledto导致riseofHitler希特勒.

-FailureofVersaillesTreatydirectlyledtoWorldWarII.

8）WorldWar2（p.354）

-OriginalproblemsinEuropehadnotbeensolved解决.

-AdolfHitlerusedunrest动乱inGermanytoinspire激发followers.

-Whenheattacked攻击Poland,itsallies同盟国FranceandBritainhadtofightto决一死战defend保卫it.

-Hitlertheninvaded入侵France,Francesurrendered投降in1940.Britainhadtofightalone.

-GermanyattackedBritainbyairandsea.

-Britainheldon继续untiltheAlliedforces盟军invaded入侵Franceanddefeated被击败Germany.

-Surpriseattack偷袭destroys破坏USbattleship战舰fleet舰队.

-Japanaroused引起a“sleepinggiant沉睡的巨人”–Americansangryoversneakattack偷袭.

-USdeclares宣布waragainst打仗Japan.

-GermanydeclareswaragainstUS

-UScontrolledthePhilippines,sothatwasamajormilitarybase军事基地forthePacific太平洋region.

-Japanattacked攻击thePhilippines.

-USandJapanfought战斗allover遍及thePacifictoprotectsupplylines供电线.

-ManyJapaneseAmericansweretreated治疗badlyintheU.S.

-1944-45USbombs炸弹Japan.

-1945,USdropsatomicbombs原子弹onJapan.Japansurrenders.

Afterthewar

-April25,1945:

birthofUnitedNations–hopefornewworldorder规则.

-Depression不景气normallyfollowswar,buthugeconsumerdemand消费需求stimulates刺激economy.