大二英语 中国文化概况 中国文化概况期末资料.docx
《大二英语 中国文化概况 中国文化概况期末资料.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《大二英语 中国文化概况 中国文化概况期末资料.docx(30页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
大二英语中国文化概况中国文化概况期末资料
Chapter1AGeneralIntroductiontoChineseCulture
WordsandExpressions:
thedescendantsofYanandHuang炎黄子孙
porcelain瓷器
TheappellationofChina
Chinesehistorybeganwithtwolegendaryfigures—EmperorHuangandEmperorYan,who,togetherwiththeirtribes,inhabitedthedrainageareaalongthemiddlereaches(中游)oftheYellowRiver.BythetimeofXiaDynasty,aftercenturiesoflivingsidebyside,thesetwotribeshadgraduallymergedinto(合并,融合)one.Consequently,theChinesepeopleusuallycallthemselves“thedescendantsofYanandHuang”.
Peopleatthattimebelievedthatthelandtheylivedonwasthecenteroftheworld,andcalledtheirstatethe"MiddleKingdom"(中国),thusgivingChinaitscountryname.
Chinaistheappellationofourcountrygivenbyforeigners.TheporcelainchinaisthetransliterationoftheplacenameChangnan(昌南),whichwastheoldnameforJingdezhen(景德镇).TheporcelainmadeinChangnanwassmoothandbright,andearnedanothernameofartificialjade.ItbecamefamousbothhomeandabroadandwasexportedtoEuropeinlargequantities.
InEurope,peopleregardedChangnanporcelainassomethingpreciousanddelicateandwouldtakeprideinpossessingone.Astimepassed,peopleinEuropeforgotthemeaningofChangnanandswitchedtheoriginalmeaningofporcelainoftheword“china”totheplaceofitsorigin.
Chapter2ChinesePhilosophyandReligion
Part1ChineseThoughtsandPhilosophy
WordsandExpressions:
Confucianism儒家
Taoism道家
TheAnalects《论语》
benevolence仁慈,善行
ritual礼制,仪式,惯例
filialpiety孝,孝心
TheDevelopmentofAncientChinesePhilosophy
ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimes(先秦子学)
TheorthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynasty(两汉经学)
MetaphysicsduringtheWeiandJindynasties(魏晋玄学)
ThebuddhistphilosophyduringtheSuiandTangdynasties(隋唐佛学)
Neo-confucianisminSongandMingdynasties(宋明理学)
ApplicationphilosophyintheMingandQingdynasties(明清实学)
ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimes(先秦子学)
ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimeswasmarkedbytheemergenceofvariousancientphilosophicalviews.
ThemostinfluentialschoolswereConfucianism(儒家),Taoism(道家),Mohism(墨家)andLegalism(法家)
1.Confucianism
ConfucianismisaschoolofthoughtrepresentedbyConfuciusandMencius.ConfucianismhasinfluencedtheChineseforthousandsofyearsandisdeeplyrootedinChineseculture.Itisanintegrationofintellectual,political,andreligioustraditionwiththefocusontheindividualmoralityandethicsindailylifeandtheproperexerciseofpoliticalpower.
WhoisConfucius?
Familyname:
Kong;Givenname:
Qiu;courtesyname:
Zhongni
Heisagreatthinker,aneducator,astatesman,aphilosopher,thefounderoftheConfucianschoolandConfucianism.
ThelandmarkofConfucianismistheAnalects,whichwaswrittenbyhisdisciplesafterhisdeath.
ThecoreofConfucius’sphilosophyaretheconceptsof
Ren(benevolence)
Ren(仁):
Confuciusdefinesitas“Airen”(爱人),thatis,toloveothers.
TheChinesecharacter“仁”(benevolence)consistsof“aperson(人)”ontheleftand“two
(二)”ontherightindicatingtherelationshipbetweenpeople.
Li(ritual)
Li(ritual-礼)referstotherulesofhumanconductandmoralnormssuchaspoliteness,courtesy,propriety,properetiquetteandgoodmannersrangingfromspeechandbehaviortotheperformanceofritualswhichareusuallycodifiedandtreatedasanall-embracingsystemofsocialnorms.
Xiao(filialpiety)
Xiao(孝)referstothefilialpiety,whichwasregardedasoneofthegreatestofvirtuesinChinesetradition,denotingtherespectandobediencethatthechildrenshouldshowtotheirparents.
Zhong(loyalty)
Zhong(loyalty-忠)isagreatvirtue,whichemphasizestheobligationsanddutiestothesuperior,tofriends,family,andspouse.
2.Taoism
FoundedbyLaoZiandZhuangZi,theschooladvocatesthedoctrinethattheDaoisthecourse,theprinciple,thesubstance,andthestandardofallthings,towhichallofthemmustconform.
BasedontheworkofDaoDeJing,Taoismpromotesthebeliefthatapersonshouldliveasimplelife,nottostriveforwealth,fameorpower,whichwillonlygiveoneworriesandtrouble.
Theschoolfavoursthepoliticalprincipleof“achievinggoodgovernmentthroughnon-action”(无为而治)
3.Mohism
BaseontheteachingofMozi,theschoolcherishesuniversallovewhichstatesthatifallthepeopleintheworldlovedoneanother,therewillbenohatred,calamities,andhostilities.
Inpoliticsandethics,Mohismproposeshonoringvirtuouspeople,opposingfatalism(宿命论)andaggressivewars,andupholdingthriftiness(节俭).
4.Legalism
Legalism,begunbyHanfeizi,espouses(主张)layingdownlawstounifythethoughtofpeople,promotingagriculturetoachieveaffluence(富裕),waging(进行)warstogainstrengthandpower,andestablishingasystemofbureaucracy(官僚制度).
TheorthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynasty(两汉经学)
IntheHanDynasty,EmperorWudiinstitutedthecampaignof“banningallschoolsofthoughtexceptConfucianism(罢黜百家,独尊儒术)”.HechoseofficialsfromthosewhoweresteepedinConfucianismonly.Consequently,ConfucianismbecameanorthodoxschoolthatservedastheideologicalfoundationofthefeudalrulethroughoutthedynastiesinChina.
TraditionalChineseethics
TraditionalChineseethicsincludesbothgoodandbadelements.SomereflectthehighstandardofmoralpursuitoftheChinesepeople,whileothersseemlessrelevantinmodernsociety.Forexample,thethreeobediencesandfourvirtues(三从四德)andthethreebasicrulesandfiveconstantvirtues(三纲五常)havelongbeenabandonedbytheChinesepeople.
Thetraditionalidealofawomanisthatsheisadependantbeingwhosebehaviorisgovernedby“threeobediences”(tofatherbeforemarriage,tohusbandaftermarriage,andtosonafterbecomingawidow:
未嫁从父,既嫁从夫,夫死从子)andfour“virtues”(morality,properspeech,modestmanner,anddiligence:
品德、言语、仪态、女工).
Thesewerethesocialnormsprescribedbyfeudalmorality.
Thethreebasicrules:
akingshouldruleoverhissubjects;afather,hisson;ahusband,hiswife(君为臣纲、父为子纲、夫为妻纲).
Thefiveconstantvirtues:
benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom,andfidelity(仁、义、礼、智、信).
Part2ReligionsandBeliefs
WordsandExpressions:
Heavenworship祭天
Ancestorworship祭祖
Confucianism儒教
TheConfucianTemple孔庙
Taoism道教
TheFiveElements五行
Buddhism佛教Buddha佛像,佛祖,佛陀
nirvana涅盘
Heavenworship
Theheavenworshipwasthebureaucratic(官僚的)beliefsystemadoptedbymostdynastiesofChinauntiltheoverthrow(推翻)oftheQingDynasty.
Heavenwasbelievedtomanifestitselfthroughthepowersoftheweatherandnaturaldisasters.Heavenwasseenasajudgeofhumans.
TheemperorsareSonsofHeaven(天子),andtheirpowerareauthorizedbyheaven.Suchbeliefsactuallyconsolidated(巩固)theauthorityoftheEmperor.
Ancestorworship
Chineseworshipofancestorsdatesbacktotheprehistory.Chineseculture,Confucianism,andChineseBuddhismallvaluefilialpietyasatopvirtue,andtheactisacontinueddisplayofpietyandrespecttowardsdepartedancestors.
Confucianism儒教
Confucianismisnotarealreligion,itisjustanethical(伦理道德的)andphilosophicalsystem,whichdevelopedfrom?
Confucius’thoughtsandlaterwastreatedasakindofbelieftoeducatecommonpeople(教化大众).
TheTaoistReligion
AGeneralIntroductionofTaoism
Taoismistheindigenous(土生土长的)religioninChina.
TheTaoistreligionevolvedoutofwitchcraft(巫术),necromancy(方术)andself-cultivationtechniques.Itshighestbeliefiscalled“Dao”,itsbibleiscalled“DaoDeJing”.IthadgreatimpactonthethinkingoftheChinesepeople,aswellasonthepolitical,economicandculturallifeofthecountry.
Beliefs
Yin-yangTheory
Yin-yangareopposing,Yin-yangaremutuallyrooted,Yin-yangmutuallytransform,Yin-yangmutuallywaxandwane
TheFiveElements/Wuxing“五行”
Therelationshipbetweenthefiveelements:
TheGeneratingCycle
WoodfeedsFire;FirecreatesEarth;EarthbearsMetal;MetalcarriesWater;WaternourishesWood.
TheOvercomingCycle
WoodpartsEarth;EarthabsorbsWater;WaterquenchesFire;FiremeltsMetal;MetalchopsWood.
Buddhism
BuddhismisthemostimportantreligioninChina.ItisgenerallybelievedthatitwasspreadtoChinain67ADduringtheHanDynasty(206BC-220)fromHotan(和田)inXinjiangtoCentralChina.DuringitsdevelopmentinChina,ithasaprofound(深远的)influenceontraditionalChinesecultureandthoughts,andhasbecomeoneofthemostimportantreligionsinChinaatthattime.
ItsDeityisSakyamuni(释迦牟尼);
Itsdoctrineisbasedontransmigration(轮回).
Whatisthefundamentalcauseofallsuffering?
Desire!
WhatdidtheBuddhateach?
ThedoctrineofFourNobleTruths(四谛)
⏹lifeissuffering,
⏹thecauseofsufferingisdesire,
⏹theansweristoquench(抑制)desire,
⏹thewaytothisendistofollowtheEight-FoldPath(八正道).
WhatdoBuddhistsbelieve?
Nirvanaisapeaceful,detachedstateofmind.
AchievingNirvanameansescapefromthecycleofrebirth.
BuddhisminChinahasdevelopedintothreesections,namelytheHan,TibetanandSouthernBuddhism.
Chapter3ChineseCharacters,CalligraphyandPainting
WordsandExpressions:
ChineseCharacters汉字
calligraphy书法calligrapher书法家
Oraclebonescript甲骨文
TheregularScript楷书
FourTreasuresoftheStudy文房四宝
brush毛笔inkstick墨inkstone砚台
TheoriginoftheChinesecharacters
1.Keeprecordsbytyingknots(结绳说)
2.TheEightDiagrams(八卦说)
3.CangJiecreatedthecharacters(仓颉造字说)
TheevolutionofChinesecharactersfont(汉字的字体演变)
Oraclebonescript
Itreferstoincised(雕刻的)ancientChinesecharactersfoundonoraclebones,whichareanimalbonesorturtleshellsusedindivination(预言)inancientChina.
Bronzewarescript金文
Itreferstocharact