关系代词关系副词用法.docx
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关系代词关系副词用法
关系词(关系代词和关系副词
)有时可以省略
但这只限于限制性定语从句中
在非限制性定语从句中
关系词则不
可省略。
1.关系代词作宾语时的省略:
当关系代词who,whom,which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的
介词宾语时,可以省略。
Isthereanything(that/which)youwanted?
注意:
当先行词为all,much,little以及不定代词anything,something,everything等时,关系代词多用that
Whoistheman(that/who/whom)youweretalkingto?
Thisisthebestnovel(that)Ihaveeverread.
注意:
当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词theonly,thevery,all,every,any,no等时,关系代词一般都
用that
2.关系代词作表语时的省略:
当关系代词that在定语从句中作表语时,可以省略。
Chinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas.
3.关系代词作宾补时的省略:
当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足语时,可以省略。
I’mnotthemadman(that)youthoughtme.that做宾补
4.关系副词when的省略:
用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况
等少数几个词后可以省略,也可换成that
即用于
day,year,time
Thatwastheyear(when/that)Ifirstwentabroad.
I’llneverforgettheday(when/that)wemet.
5.关系副词where的省略:
用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于place,
somewhere,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere
少数几个词后时才可以省略
也可换成that
Thisistheplace(where/that)theymetyesterday.
Haveyoumetsomewhere(that)Icanliedownforanhour?
6.关系副词why的省略:
关系副词why通常只用于thereason后引导定语从句,且通常可换成that或forwhich,
均
可省略。
That’sthereason(why/forwhich/that)hecame.
关系副词的特点:
关系副词用于引出定语从句
英语的关系副词主要有
when,where,why三个。
Sundayistheday(when/that)veryfewpeoplegotowork.
That’sthereasonwhy/for(
which/that)hedislikesme.
Doyouknowashopwhere/thatIcanfindsandals?
注意:
关系副词用于引出定语从句
且在从句中用作状语。
关系副词
when表示时间,where表示地点,why表示原
因。
使用关系副词应注意的几点:
1.how不能用作关系副词
不要想当然地将
how用作关系副词置于theway后表示方式:
Thisisthewayhowhespoke.(wrong)
Thisishowhespoke./Thisistheway(that/inwhich)hespoke.
(right)
Thisisthewaythathesolvedtheproblem.=Thisishowhesolvedtheproblem.
2.关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句
但why只能引导限制性定语从
句,不能引导非限制性定语从句
(若引导非限制性定语从句
可用forwhichreason)
3.引导定语从句时,when的先行词为时间,where的先行词为地点,why的先行词为原因(主要是thereason),但是反过来却不一定
Don’tforgetthetime(that)I’vetoldyou.做宾语
Doyouknowthehouse(that)heboughtrecently?
做宾语
Pleasetellmethereason(that)youknow.做宾语
关系代词引导的定语从句who,whom,which,that,whose在句中必做成分
1)who,whom,that指人,在句中做主语或宾语,作宾语可省略
Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?
做主语
Heistheman(whom/that)Isawyesterday.做宾语
2)which,that指物,在句中做主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略
Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.
Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.做宾语
做主语
3)whose表所属关系,指人或物。
指物可与
ofwhich互换,指人可与ofwhom
互换
Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.
=Theyrushedovertohelpthemanofwhomthecarhadbrokendown.
=Theyrushedovertohelpthemanthecarofwhomhadbrokendown.
Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.
=Pleasepassmethebookthecoverofwhichisgreen.
=Pleasepassmethebookofwhichthecoverisgreen.
关系副词引导的定语从句
when,where,why
1)
区别:
及物动词后面无宾语
用关系代词;不及物动词用关系副词
Thisistheplace(where/that)Ilivedonce.
where指代theplace充当地点状语
Thisistheplace(which/that)Ivisitedonce.
which做visit的宾语,可省略
I’llneverforgetthedayswhich)(wespendtogether.which做spend的宾语,可省略
I’llneverforgetthedayswhen/that)(
welivetogetherinthecountry.
when指代thedays充当时间状语
2)关系副词含义相当于”介词+which”结构,可以互换,口语中可省略
Thereareoccasionswhen/thatonemustyield屈服.=Thereareoccasionsonwhichonemustyield.
Beijingistheplace(where/that)Iwasborn.=BeijingistheplaceonwhichIwasborn.
Isthisthereason(why/that)herefusedouroffer?
=Isthisthereasonforwhichherefusedouroffer?
3)that代替关系副词:
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代
when,where,why和”介词+which”
引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。
Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn.
Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(where/that/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.
不能用that的情况
1)
引导非限制性定语从句时
不能用that
Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.(wrong,
应用which)
2)
介词后不能用
Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegotourfood.
=Wedependonthelandwhich/thatwegotourfoodfrom.
只能用that的情况
1)在therebe句型中,只用that,不用which
2)
在不定代词如anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little
等做先行词时,只用that
3)
先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时,只用that
4)
先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时
只用that
5)
先行词即有人,又有物时
当先行词是way时,关系副词常常省略。
Iappreciatetheway(that)youteachme.
That作为关系副词所具备的功能,即代替when、where、why三大关系副词或介词+which。
但这种代替是有条件的
主要适用于表示时间、地点、原因、方式这四大类基本含义的先行词,即time(替代when),place(替代where),
reason(替代why),way(替代inwhich),其中time类的词汇最多,包括若干下义词,如hour,evening,summer,year,
moment等。
大概是因为这些词最基本、最常用,所以在约定俗成的习惯下挣脱了原有关系副词的束缚。
此外,that
还可以与speed,distance等先行词连用,此时无法用where代替。
在非正式语体中,关系副词that是经常省略的。
正是基于这个原因,在论述”关系副词that的功能”中笔者并未给出
相关例句,因为在各语法书和词典关系中关系副词that总是有左右两个括号相伴。
Wemovedheretheyear(that/when)mymotherdied.
Istillrememberedthesummer(that)IwalkedaroundParis.
ThereasonIcalledwastoaskabouttheplansforSaturday.
Therearesomanydeliciouswaysyoucanpreparechicken.
Thisistheplace(where)Ilivedfiveyears.
Doyouknowanywhere(that)Icangetadrink?
Sheknowstheplace(that/where)hestays.
Thereisnowhere(that)wecango.
Thespeed(that/atwhich)heisdrivingis70milesperhour.
Thisistheplace(that)Ispentmychildrenat.=Thisistheplace(that)Ispendmychildhood.
前者为关系代词用法
比后
者关系副词的用法更为正式
Idon’tknowanyplace(that)youcangetabetterexchangerate.
如上所述,关系副词that是广泛存在的,并且经常省略。
当然各个词典和语法书的观点并非完全一致
例如《薄冰
高级英语语法》认为先行词为place时,关系副词where也可省略;《薄冰高级英语语法》认为先行词为
reason时,关
系副词why可以省略。
为了便于记忆和理解
我们可以将这类省略现象统一看做是关系副词
that的省略。
Oxford
dictionary中可给出that作为关系代词的义项
但所举例句中包含了that
作为关系副词的用法
(见如上第一个例句)。
根据对句子结构的分析,这里的that相当于when或inwhich,不是代词而是副词。
个别语法书中提到
that代替关
系副词when,where,why,how,鉴于how作为关系副词并不具有充分的例证
且多部语法书明确提出
how不能做关
系副词,故笔者不采用that代替how的说法。
1.when(先行词是time,day,occasion等表时间的名词时在口语中可以省略
)
Atthetime(when)Isawhim,hewasquitestrong.
Doyouknowtheyear(when)TheDeclarationofIndependencewaspublished?
2.Where(先行词是place,room等表示地面的名词,在口语中可以省略)Thisistheplace(where)Ilivedfor5years.
3.why(先行词只有reason,在口语中,可以省略why)
That’sthereason(why)I
’mcheckingitnow.
还有一种省略应特别关注,在this/that/itis
后可省略先行词thetime,theplace,thereason,直接跟why,when,where
Thatwas(thetime)whenhelivedthere.
Itis(theplace)wherethatrockfestivalisheldeveryyear.
That’s(thereason)whyhespoke.
一、关系代词在限制性定语从句中的省略场合
1.当关系代词,that,which,who,whom
在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略
Theprofessor(that/who/whom)youwishtoseehascome.
Whereisthebook(which/that)Iboughtthismorning?
2.当关系代词that在定语从句中作补语时可以省略
Hehaschanged.Heisnottheman(that)hewas.
3.当关系代词that,which,who
在定语从句中作主语时,只有当主句是由Itis,thatis,thereis引导的场合才能省略
Itisn’teverybody(that/who)canlearnaforeignlnguagesoeasily.
Thatwashisbrother(who/that)justwentby.
Therewassomeone(who/that)askedforyou,Bill.
二、关系副词when,where,why引导的限制性定语从句在非正式语体中,通常可以省略
Ishallneverforgettheday(when)wefirstmet.
Thereason(why)hecamesoearlyinhisownaffair.
That’stheplace(where)hestayedwhenhewasinLondon.
另外,在当代英语里,that可以用于表示时间、地点、理由的名词后取代
when,where,why和“介词+which”引导的
定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。
Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn.
Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(that/where/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.
三、以theway作为先行词的限制性定语从句用在非正式语体中通常省略
inwhich或者that
Theway(inwhich/that)youansweredthequestionswasadmirable.
1.Time,day,year,place,house,reason,way等作先行词时可以被省略
其后的子句不再是形容词子句
而变成名词子
句或副词子句。
Thisiswherehewasborn.
Wherehewasborn是名词子句
Thisistheplacewherehewasborn.
Wherehewasborn是形容词子句
I’llmeetherwhereIfirstmether.
WhereIfirstmether是副词子句
I’llmeetherattheplacewhereIfirstmether.
WhereIfirstmether
是形容词子句
Tuesdayiswhenthegarbagetruckcomes.
Whenthegarbagetruckcomes是名词子句
Tuesdayisthedaywhenthegarbagetruckcomes.Whenthegarbagetruckcomes是形容词子句
2.关系副词有限定用法,指的是关系副词引导的形容词子句只修饰先行词。
Wewereveryhappyinthosedayswhenwestudiedinschool.
3.关系副词有补述用法,即关系副词引导的是对等子句而不是形容词子句,主要用于对主要子句中的不足之处加以补充,前面都要加逗点与主要子句分开。
Tomgotmarriedthedaybeforeyesterday,whenitwashisbirthdaytoo.
1.Where引导的定语从句:
先行词是表示地点的名词,如place,room,house,street,area等,或含有地点意义的抽象名词,如situation(处境,地势),stage,point(点),case(案例,情况),用where引导定语从句,在定语从句中做地点状语。
Theschoolwhere/inwhichIstudiedforonlytwoyearswasthreekilometersaway.
Harvardisaworld-famousuniversity.ThereWangAngothisDoctor’sdegree.
=Harvardisaworld-famousuniversitywhereWangAngothisDoctor’sdegree.
Thisisthehouse.Iwasborninthehouse.
=Thisisthehousewhere/inwhichIwasborn.=ThisisthehousewhichIwasbornin.
Abankistheplacewhere/inwhichtheylendyouanumbrellainfairweatherandaskforitbackwhenitbeginstorain.
Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.
ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.
*先行词为抽象名词situation,stage,point,job,case,system,game,degree
等,
表示模糊化的地点
用
where