英语词汇学资料续.docx

英语词汇学资料续.docx

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英语词汇学资料续

4.2Compounding（p.67）

Acombinationoftwoormorewordswhichfunctionsasasinglesemanticunit.

ØClassification（bytheform）

a）solid;b）hyphenated;c）open:

textbook,text-book,textbook

highday,highseas,highschools,highbuildings

•hotdog,smallpox,redink,goalkeeper,departmentstore

•greenhouse,darkroom,greenroom

d）connectedwithavowelorconsonant

•craftsman,sportsman,tradesman,huntsman,kinsman

•gasometer,speedometer,hydrometer,mileometer,thermometer,barometer,chronometer

e）Joinedby‘s

•bull’seye,no-man’sland,lion’sshare,crow’sneck,fool’sparadise,driver’sseat

f）Morethantwoelements

•manofwar,good-for-nothing,grand-in-aid

•pick-me-up,touch-me-not,happy-go-lucky,stay-at-home

g）aclauseorsentence

•Thiseither-they-are-on-our-side-or-against-ussortofideaisadangerousone.

•Thereisasortofoh-what-a-wicked-world-this-is-and-how-I-wish-I-could-do-something-to-make-it-better-and-noblerexpressionaboutMontmorency.

h）Reduplicativecompounds

•tick-tick,quack-quack,fifty-fifty,so-so

•dilly-dally,shilly-shally,zigzag,prittle-prattle,flip-flop

•hokey-pokey,hocus-pocus,hurry-scurry,hugger-mugger,hubble-bubble,higgledy-piggledy,hoity-toity,hurly-burly

Classification（bywordclass）

•NounCompounds

•AdjectiveCompounds

•VerbCompounds

•AdverbCompounds

headlong,somehow,somewhere,upsidedown,insideout

•PronounCompounds

eachother,oneanother,nobody,anybody,someone,

•Prepositions

into,within,asfor,exceptfor,becauseof,owingto,thanksto,forthesakeof,inspiteof,bymeansof,insteadof（functionasacoordinator）

♦Thingsarebetterinsteadofworse.

♦Hewalksslowlyinsteadofquickly.

♦Thatincreasedinsteadofdecreasedouranxiety.

♦Helaughedwithinsteadofatus.

Morphologicalcharacteristics

Takenouncompoundsasexamples:

•N+N:

babygirl,databank,fingerprint

•Aj+N:

blueprint,easy-chair,fullstop

•V+N:

makeshift,flashlight,cut-throat

•N+V:

daybreak,snowfall,frostbite

•Participle+N:

swimming-pool,freezing-point

•N+Participle:

air-conditioning,house-keeping

•Prep.（adv.）+N:

bypath,underclothes,overcoat

•V+N:

break-down,get-together,handout

•N+V:

downfall,income,outbreak

•others

Syntacticandsemanticrelationshipsofcompounds

•sunshine,landslide,headache,heartbreak

•bootblack,hairbrush,handshake,birth-control,haircut

•scarecrow,pick-pocket,drinking-water

•hangman,call-boy,managing-director,

•diving-board,walking-stick,grindstone

ØNounasamodifierinanounphrase

aprestigeuniversity,racehatred,rebelsoldiers,affluencesociety;

geographyteacher,accidentvictims,statisticexpert,discussiontopic,Canadawheat,ValenciaUniversity’sPhilosophyFaculty;

surfacevessel----vesselthatmovesonthesurface

•knifeboy----boyholdingaknife

•recoveryhelicopter----helicopterforgettingbackastronautswhohassplasheddown

anAdministrationforeignpolicyanalyst

•asixday,eighthoursadayweek

•hisshoulderseparationfreshmanyear

Italiannewspaperattackearthquakerelieforganization.

•Thefourofthemwereaccusedofgiftconspiracy.

•Hearoseonemorningfilledwithinspirationtomarketanewlineofcelebrityashtrays.

•HesaidtoGreen,“withalittlecurrencypersuasion,thehotelclerkwouldbeabletofindaccommodationforyou.”

ØAcompound,oranounphrasewithamodifier?

•sciencefiction,silkmerchant,firesquad,horrorfilms

•horrorfilms------horriblefilms

•riotpolice------riotouspolice

•miraculouschips------miraclechips

•obesespecialists------obesityspecialists

•efficientworkers------efficiencyexperts

•bankruptlawyers------bankruptcylawyers

4.3Conversion（p.74）

Conversionistheprocesswherebyawordischangedfromonepartofspeechintoanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Sothisprocessisalsocalledzeroderivationorderivationbyzerosuffix.

Conversionmaybeclassifiedaccordingtotheclassofwordstheyform:

1）verb-nounconversion

2）adjective-nounconversion

3）noun-verbconversion

4）adjective-verbconversion

5）noun-adjectiveconversion

ØSVOstructuresofEnglish

•tobookaplace----toplaceabook

•toplanatable-----totableaplan（motion,bill）

ØNoun-verbConversion

•Heelbowedhiswaythroughthecrowd.

•Thebeamsofthesearchlightsfingeredthesky.

•Hewormedhiswaydifficultlythroughthethickforest.

•ThisproposalwasfatheredbyJohn.

•Shewasnotbornforwifingandmothering.

•…fromthethroatemergedastraightbar,roughwithgolddustandslightlyclubbedattheend.

ØConversioninclosedclassofwords

•Youshouldknowalltheinsandoutsnow.

•Whocanexplainthehowsandwhysoftheincident?

•Everyonehashisupsanddowns.

•Yourargumentseemstohavetoomanyifs.

•ThisdictionaryisamustforEnglishlearners.

•‘Butmenobuts,’hesaidimpatiently.

•IsJohn’sbabyasheorhe?

•Patriotism,nationalism,andanyother-ismsyouwouldliketoname…

•Classificationofnoun-verbconversion

a）‘Toputin/toN’

bottle,corner,cradle,coffin,floor,garage,position

b）‘TogiveN,toprovidewithN’

coat,fuel,grease,mask,wax,label,plaster

c）‘TodepriveofN’

core,gut,peel,skin,husk,bark,dust,scale,bone

d）‘To...withN”

brake,axe,hammer;guitar,harp;cord,hook,button,pencil;machine-gun,dagger

e）‘Tobe/actasN’

father,nurse,referee,pilot,parrot,leech,snail,wolfmonkey,dog,ape

cf.bird,frog,rabbit,shrimp,trout

f）‘Tomake/change...intoN’

cash,cripple,usher,sentry,apprentice,group

g）‘Tosend/gobyN’

mail,telegraph,boat,canoe,motor,ship,van,helicopter,

ØAdjective-nounconversion

☐Substantivizedadjectives

Whollysubstantivized

•relative,criminal,black

Partiallysubstantivized

beautiful,poor,dead,dying,wounded,unexpected

•theleisuredrichandthehungry（aged）poor

•Thewiselooktothewiserforadvice.

•Hewentfromtheextremelysublimetotheextremelyridiculous.

•Theverywisearelikelytoavoidsuchtemptation.

•Wewillnurseyoursick,clotheyournaked,andfeedyourhungry.

•Thesickareherewelllookedafter.

•Thewoundedandthedyingwererushedtohospital.

•Theinnocentareoftendeceivedbytheunscrupulous.

•Theaccusedwasfoundguilty.

•Thedeceasedwasoneofmybestfriend.

•Thebereavedwasfullofgriefforhisdeadwife.

•Thebereavedwerefullofgrieffortheirdeadchild.

•Hehasnoeyesforthebeautiful.

•Heventuredintotheunknown.

•Thetrue,thegood,andthebeautifulcouldnotexistwithoutthefalse,theevil,andtheugly.

•ThelatestisthatheisgoingtorunforCongress.

•Theunexpectedalwayshappens.

•Theverybestisyettocome.

•Thedockisnowatitsbusiest.

•Itshowsthatthewriterisathisbestandliveliest.

inbrief（general,short,particular）,atlarge,

ØChangeofsecondaryword-class:

verbs

a）intransitive----transitive

•Thewoundranblood.

•Heisflyingakitewithhischildren.

b）transitive----intransitive

•Thisfooddigestswell.

•Thiskindofmedicinesellsdear.

•Watermelonssellsbestinsummer.

•Theclockwindsupattheback.

•Thedoorwon’tlock.

•Therecordercan’tplay.

•Yourexcusewon’twash.

c）intransitive----intensive

•Thesunwassinkinglow.（currentstate）

•Thewaterboilsdry.（result）

ØApproximateconversion:

voicingandstressshift

abuse,excuse,grief---grieve,belief----believe

absent,perfect,present,frequent

4.4Blending（p.82）

Blendsarealsocalledportmanteauword,atermoriginatedwithLewisCarroll,theauthorofThroughtheLooking-Glass（1871）,inwhichhecreatedwordssuchas‘chortle’（chuckle&snort）and‘galumph’（gallop&triumph）.Theyarewordsformedbycombiningpartsofotherwords.

•brunch,motel,smog,autocide,advertitics

•interpol,sitcom,comsat,Amerind,Comintern

•travelogue,videophone,Nixonomics,lunaraut,talkathon

•paradrop,medichair,helipad,sportscast

AlongNixonbacker,heassumesadawkstandontheVietnamproblems.

4.5Clippings

aprocessbywhichawordoftwoormorethantwosyllables（usuallyanoun）isshortenedwithoutachangeinitsfunctiontakingplace

a）Phraseclippings:

o’clock,pub,pop,good-bye

b）Backclippings:

memo,gym,taxi;lab,math,dorm,exam

c）Frontclippings:

bus,phone,plane,cello,chute,copter

d）Frontandbackclippings:

flu,fridge,

•bicycle---bike,cycle;taxicab---taxi,cab

4.6Acronymy

ØInitialisms----wordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordswhicharepronouncedassequencesofletters

IQ,UN,CIA,FBI,

ØAcronyms----wordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwords,butpronouncedasaword

NATO,UNESCO,TEFL,TESL,TESOL,

laser（lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation）

radar（radiodetectingandranging）

sonar（soundnavigationranging）

4.7Back-formation

Back-formationisawayofword-buildinginwhichanewwordismadebytheremovalofanAFFIXfromanexistingword.Themajorityofbackformedwordsareverbs.

Forexample:

•television---televiseaviation---aviatelegislation

•laser---lasepeddler---peddlebeggar---beg

burglarsculptorhawkereditortypewriter

•sightseeingglobe-trottingbaby-sittingsleep-walking

•Whoauthedthisbook?

Heisgoingtobachallhislife.

ØWordbuildingbyanalogy

marathon---talkathon,telethon;

FirstLady---FirstMother,FirstFamily;

hamburger---cheeseburger,chickenburger,nutburger,lobsterburger,raisinburger,superburger,farmburger,Californiaburger;