牛津英语整理模块七课文及翻译.docx

牛津英语整理模块七课文及翻译.docx

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牛津英语整理模块七课文及翻译

Unit1

TVandaudiodevices:

areview

EarlyhistoryofTV

ThefirstpublicshowingsofwirelessTVtransmissionsweremadein1925intheUSAandin1926inBritain.Later,in1928,thefirstlong-distanceTVbroadcastwasmadebetweentheUKandtheUSA.Regularpublicbroadcastingfollowedshortlyafter,firstbeginningon11May1928inNewYorkandinLondonon20August1929.ManydifferentpeoplecontributedtothedevelopmentofTV.Becauseofthis,itisstilluncertainwhoinventedTV.Altogether,threemencouldberesponsible.

VladimirZworykin,aRussianlivingintheUSA,PhiloFarnsworth,afarmboyfromUtahintheUSA,andJohnLogieBairdfromScotlandallinventedearlyformsofTVbetween1923and1927.

Afewyearslater,colorTVwasfirstshownin1929.Ittookmorethantwodecades,though,until1951,forcolourbroadcaststobeginintheUSA.By1967,mostbroadcastswereincolorandwithinfiveyears,morecolourthanblack-and-whiteTVsetswerebeingused.

Themodernage:

cableTV,satelliteTV,digitalTV,...

CableTVbeganin1948intheUSA,butittook50yearsbefore66percentofAmericanhouseholdshadit.SatelliteswereusedtobroadcastTVbeginningin1962.

SomeconsiderdigitalTVtobesuperiortosatelliteTVbecauseitallowsthesameservicestobedeliveredwithclearerpicturesthanbefore.InternationalstandardsfordigitalTVwereestablishedin1989andwithinfiveyears,consumersintheUSAhadaccessto200channels.By2004,digitalTVsignalswerebeingreceivedby55percentofhouseholdsinBritain.

In1996,acompletelynewconceptwasintroducedwhenthefirstWebTVset-topboxescameontothemarket.ThiscombinestheTVsetwiththeWorldWideWeb.WithinteractiveTVprogramming,youcanplayalongwithgameshows,respondtoquestionnairesandchattootherviewers.

Earlyhistoryofaudiodevices

Itallbeganin1877whenThomasEdisonmadethefirstrecordingofahumanvoice.Tenyearslater,thefirstrecordplayerwasdeveloped.ItwasinventedbyEmileBerliner,aGermanlivingintheUSA.Atthattime,therecordplayerhadtobewoundupbyhandandonlyplayedarecordfortwominutes.In1958,thefirstLPs（long-playrecords）cameontothemarket.

Taperecordersandplayers

1931wastheyearwhenaGermancompanybegantomakethefirsttaperecorders,whichcouldrecordandplaysoundsonatapewoundaroundaroundobject.In1948,threeAmericanscientistsinventedthetransistor,whichisasmallelectronicdevicetocontrolanelectriccurrent,buttheyonlydevelopeditformilitaryuse.TwoyoungJapaneseengineershadabetteridea.Theyboughtthepatentandappliedthetechnologytocreatethetransistorradio.In1954,theinventionofthetransistorledtothedevelopmentofcassetterecorders.Then,in1979,theWalkman,aportablepocket-sizedcassettetapeplayer,wasintroducedandbecamesopopularthatWalkmanwasaddedtotheOxfordEnglishDictionaryin1986.

Soundgoesdigital

In1982,thefirstCDs（compactdiscs）producedbyusingdigitaltechnologyweremadeavailable.In1986,whentheD-50,aportableCDplayer,waslaunched,theDiscmanwasborn.Inthefollowingyears,moreCDrecordingsbecameavailable,andin1988,forthefirsttimeever,peopleweredemandingmoreCDsthanLPs.

ThenextnewdevelopmentwastheMD（MiniDisc）playerin1992.ThisislikeaminiCDplayerbutcanalsorecordmusicandisveryeasytocarry,beingverysmall,asthename‘mini’indicates.

DevelopmentofMP3technologystartedin1987inGermanyandsincethebeginningof1999,thepopularityofMP3hasincreasedtosuchadegreethatmajorcorporationsaretakingovertheportablemusicplayermarketwithMP3players.TheyarethenextsteponfromtheWalkman,DiscmanandMDplayer.BecauseofthepopularityofMP3players,musicwebsiteshavesprungupallovertheInternetofferingMP3musicforpeopletopurchase.

1.Whomightbetheinventor（s）ofthefirstTV?

A.VladimirZworykinfromRussia.B.PhiloFarnsworthfromtheUSA.

C.JohnLogieBairdfromScotland.D.Allthethreeabove.

2.Thepassagementions_______country/countrieswhichhas/haveputdigitalTVintooperationby2004.A.onlyoneB.twoC.threeD.atleastfour

3.WhomighthaveattributedtothedevelopmentoftheWalkman?

A.TwoJapaneseengineers.B.ThreeAmericanscientists.

C.ThomasEdison.D.EmileBerliner.

4.WhatisthemainfactorthatcausesthespringupofmusicwebsitesallovertheInternet?

A.ThepopularityofWalkman.B.ThedevelopmentoftheMDplayer.

C.ThedevelopmentofMP3technology.D.ThewideuseofDiscman.

5.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?

A.B.C.D.

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Unit2

TwoLife-savingmedicines

Thisarticlewillfocusontwomedicinesthathavechangedpeople’slives.Ifyouopenupanymedicinecupboardintheworld,thereisahighprobabilitythatyouwillfindaspirinandpenicillin.Bothofthesemedicineshavesavedmillionsofpeople’slivessincetheywereinvented.

ASPIRIN

Thedatethataspirinwasinventedisgivenbymedicalhistoriansas1897,butinfact,3,500yearsago,somerecipesrecommendeddrinkingateamadefromthedriedleavesofaparticularplanttoreducebodypains.About2,500yearsago,theGreekphysicianHippocrates,fatherofalldoctors,madeajuicefromthebarkofakindoftreetoreducefeverandpain.Theactivechemicalinthisjuice（salicylicacid）helpedstopthepain.Itwasin1897thataEuropeanchemistcalledDrFelixHoffmannproducedacetylsalicylicacid（ASA）fromsomeotherchemicalstomakeamedicineforhisfather.Thefirsttrialsofthismedicinetookplacein1899whenthecompanyHoffmannworkedforbegangivingthemedicineinpowderformtophysicianstousewithpatients.Ayearlater,in1900,aspirinwassoldinshopsasatabletcontaining500milligramsofASA.Thisisoneofthefirstmedicinesintheworldevertobesoldasastandardizedtablet.In1950,aspirinappearedintheGuinnessBookofRecordsasthebest-sellingpainkiller.

Notonlyhasaspirinsavedmanypeople’slivesbyreducingfeverandhelpingstoppain,buttherearealsootherthingsthataspirincanhelpwith.Lawrencecraven,adoctorfromtheUSA,istheauthorofseveralpublishedreports,oneofwhichintroducedtheideain1953thataspirincouldreducetheriskofheartattacksbythinningblood.Thereportwasignored.However,in1971,SmithandWillisfromtheUKprovedthataspirinwasablood-thinningmedicine,andin1977,astudycarriedoutintheUSAshowedthatthechemicalASAinaspirincouldpreventastroke,whichisatypeofseriousillnesswhenbloodvesselsinthebrainburstsuddenlyorareblocked.Elevenyearslater,DrThunfromtheUSAshowedthatASAcouldreducetheriskofcoloncancerby40percent.In1999,aspirinwas100yearsoldandyettherehavebeenmorediscoveriesonhowitcanhelpincreasethelengthofpeople’slives.In2003,aChinesedoctor,DrYuanMinsheng,foundthatASAcouldreducebloodsugarlevelsand,therefore,helppeoplewithdiabetes.

PENICILLIN

Anotherdrugthathashelpedincreasethestandardofpeople’shealthispenicillin.Thisbacteria-killingmedicineisconsideredbymanytobeoneofthemostimportantmedicinesincontemporarysociety.ItwasdiscoveredbyaScottishscientistnamedAlexanderFlemingin1928.Henotedthatmouldhadgrownonaspecialtransparentjellythathadbacteriaonit.Hesawthatthemouldhadkilledthem.Flemingtriedthismouldoutonanotherbacteriumandfoundthatitkilledthebacteriumtoo.Heimmediatelythoughtthatthisapplicationmighthelpintreatingwoundsandillnessescausedbybacteria.Henamedthechemicalfoundinthemould‘penicillin’andtriedtomakeitpuretobeamedicine,butwasunabletodothat.Flemingdidnotgiveup.However,itwasnotuntilWorldWarIIthattwootherscientists,HowardFlorey（Australian）andErnstChain（GermanbornEnglish）managedtousenewchemicaltechniquestopurifyit.Theywereabletoproduceitinlargequantities.Theirnewdrugwasneededimmediatelybecauseofthewar,somassproductionstartedquickly.Duetothewidespreaduseofpenicillin,manylivesweresavedduringWorldWarII.Itwasadreamcometrue.Ifpenicillinhadnotbeenavailable,manypeoplewouldhavediedfrombacterialillnessesorevenminorwounds.Penicillinisalsousedtotreatotherillnessesincludingpneumonia,anillnessthataffectsthelungs.So,althoughFlemingdiscoveredpenicillin,itwasoveradecadebeforesomeoneelseturnedpenicillinintothegreatdrugofthe20thcentury.

In1945,allthethreescientists,Fleming,FloreyandChain,sharedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinefortheirwork,andpenicillinrapidlybecamethepowerful‘wonderdrug’whichsavedmillionsoflives.

1.Welearnfromthepassagethatthetrialuseofaspirininpowderformmaydatebackto________.

A.2500yearsagoB.3,500yearsagoC.1897D.1899

2.Aspirinhasbeenrecognizedasthebest-sellingpainkillerbytheworld________.

A.forfewerthan50yearsB.since3,500yearsago

C.formorethan50yearsD.eversinceitwasputontothemarket

3.Variousresearchesandreportsshowthataspirincanbeusedinatleast________differentwaysinmedicaltreatment.

A.fiveB.fourC.threeD.six

4.Penicillinwasdiscoveredin________andsavedmanylivesin________.

A.1914;WorldWarIB.1928;WorldWarIIC.1929;VietnamWarD.1945;WorldWarII

5.Penicillincanbeusedtotreatallofthefollowingexcept________.

A.pneumoniaB.woundscausedbybacteriaC.diabetes