牛津英语整理模块七课文及翻译.docx
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牛津英语整理模块七课文及翻译
Unit1
TVandaudiodevices:
areview
EarlyhistoryofTV
ThefirstpublicshowingsofwirelessTVtransmissionsweremadein1925intheUSAandin1926inBritain.Later,in1928,thefirstlong-distanceTVbroadcastwasmadebetweentheUKandtheUSA.Regularpublicbroadcastingfollowedshortlyafter,firstbeginningon11May1928inNewYorkandinLondonon20August1929.ManydifferentpeoplecontributedtothedevelopmentofTV.Becauseofthis,itisstilluncertainwhoinventedTV.Altogether,threemencouldberesponsible.
VladimirZworykin,aRussianlivingintheUSA,PhiloFarnsworth,afarmboyfromUtahintheUSA,andJohnLogieBairdfromScotlandallinventedearlyformsofTVbetween1923and1927.
Afewyearslater,colorTVwasfirstshownin1929.Ittookmorethantwodecades,though,until1951,forcolourbroadcaststobeginintheUSA.By1967,mostbroadcastswereincolorandwithinfiveyears,morecolourthanblack-and-whiteTVsetswerebeingused.
Themodernage:
cableTV,satelliteTV,digitalTV,...
CableTVbeganin1948intheUSA,butittook50yearsbefore66percentofAmericanhouseholdshadit.SatelliteswereusedtobroadcastTVbeginningin1962.
SomeconsiderdigitalTVtobesuperiortosatelliteTVbecauseitallowsthesameservicestobedeliveredwithclearerpicturesthanbefore.InternationalstandardsfordigitalTVwereestablishedin1989andwithinfiveyears,consumersintheUSAhadaccessto200channels.By2004,digitalTVsignalswerebeingreceivedby55percentofhouseholdsinBritain.
In1996,acompletelynewconceptwasintroducedwhenthefirstWebTVset-topboxescameontothemarket.ThiscombinestheTVsetwiththeWorldWideWeb.WithinteractiveTVprogramming,youcanplayalongwithgameshows,respondtoquestionnairesandchattootherviewers.
Earlyhistoryofaudiodevices
Itallbeganin1877whenThomasEdisonmadethefirstrecordingofahumanvoice.Tenyearslater,thefirstrecordplayerwasdeveloped.ItwasinventedbyEmileBerliner,aGermanlivingintheUSA.Atthattime,therecordplayerhadtobewoundupbyhandandonlyplayedarecordfortwominutes.In1958,thefirstLPs(long-playrecords)cameontothemarket.
Taperecordersandplayers
1931wastheyearwhenaGermancompanybegantomakethefirsttaperecorders,whichcouldrecordandplaysoundsonatapewoundaroundaroundobject.In1948,threeAmericanscientistsinventedthetransistor,whichisasmallelectronicdevicetocontrolanelectriccurrent,buttheyonlydevelopeditformilitaryuse.TwoyoungJapaneseengineershadabetteridea.Theyboughtthepatentandappliedthetechnologytocreatethetransistorradio.In1954,theinventionofthetransistorledtothedevelopmentofcassetterecorders.Then,in1979,theWalkman,aportablepocket-sizedcassettetapeplayer,wasintroducedandbecamesopopularthatWalkmanwasaddedtotheOxfordEnglishDictionaryin1986.
Soundgoesdigital
In1982,thefirstCDs(compactdiscs)producedbyusingdigitaltechnologyweremadeavailable.In1986,whentheD-50,aportableCDplayer,waslaunched,theDiscmanwasborn.Inthefollowingyears,moreCDrecordingsbecameavailable,andin1988,forthefirsttimeever,peopleweredemandingmoreCDsthanLPs.
ThenextnewdevelopmentwastheMD(MiniDisc)playerin1992.ThisislikeaminiCDplayerbutcanalsorecordmusicandisveryeasytocarry,beingverysmall,asthename‘mini’indicates.
DevelopmentofMP3technologystartedin1987inGermanyandsincethebeginningof1999,thepopularityofMP3hasincreasedtosuchadegreethatmajorcorporationsaretakingovertheportablemusicplayermarketwithMP3players.TheyarethenextsteponfromtheWalkman,DiscmanandMDplayer.BecauseofthepopularityofMP3players,musicwebsiteshavesprungupallovertheInternetofferingMP3musicforpeopletopurchase.
1.Whomightbetheinventor(s)ofthefirstTV?
A.VladimirZworykinfromRussia.B.PhiloFarnsworthfromtheUSA.
C.JohnLogieBairdfromScotland.D.Allthethreeabove.
2.Thepassagementions_______country/countrieswhichhas/haveputdigitalTVintooperationby2004.A.onlyoneB.twoC.threeD.atleastfour
3.WhomighthaveattributedtothedevelopmentoftheWalkman?
A.TwoJapaneseengineers.B.ThreeAmericanscientists.
C.ThomasEdison.D.EmileBerliner.
4.WhatisthemainfactorthatcausesthespringupofmusicwebsitesallovertheInternet?
A.ThepopularityofWalkman.B.ThedevelopmentoftheMDplayer.
C.ThedevelopmentofMP3technology.D.ThewideuseofDiscman.
5.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?
A.B.C.D.
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Unit2
TwoLife-savingmedicines
Thisarticlewillfocusontwomedicinesthathavechangedpeople’slives.Ifyouopenupanymedicinecupboardintheworld,thereisahighprobabilitythatyouwillfindaspirinandpenicillin.Bothofthesemedicineshavesavedmillionsofpeople’slivessincetheywereinvented.
ASPIRIN
Thedatethataspirinwasinventedisgivenbymedicalhistoriansas1897,butinfact,3,500yearsago,somerecipesrecommendeddrinkingateamadefromthedriedleavesofaparticularplanttoreducebodypains.About2,500yearsago,theGreekphysicianHippocrates,fatherofalldoctors,madeajuicefromthebarkofakindoftreetoreducefeverandpain.Theactivechemicalinthisjuice(salicylicacid)helpedstopthepain.Itwasin1897thataEuropeanchemistcalledDrFelixHoffmannproducedacetylsalicylicacid(ASA)fromsomeotherchemicalstomakeamedicineforhisfather.Thefirsttrialsofthismedicinetookplacein1899whenthecompanyHoffmannworkedforbegangivingthemedicineinpowderformtophysicianstousewithpatients.Ayearlater,in1900,aspirinwassoldinshopsasatabletcontaining500milligramsofASA.Thisisoneofthefirstmedicinesintheworldevertobesoldasastandardizedtablet.In1950,aspirinappearedintheGuinnessBookofRecordsasthebest-sellingpainkiller.
Notonlyhasaspirinsavedmanypeople’slivesbyreducingfeverandhelpingstoppain,buttherearealsootherthingsthataspirincanhelpwith.Lawrencecraven,adoctorfromtheUSA,istheauthorofseveralpublishedreports,oneofwhichintroducedtheideain1953thataspirincouldreducetheriskofheartattacksbythinningblood.Thereportwasignored.However,in1971,SmithandWillisfromtheUKprovedthataspirinwasablood-thinningmedicine,andin1977,astudycarriedoutintheUSAshowedthatthechemicalASAinaspirincouldpreventastroke,whichisatypeofseriousillnesswhenbloodvesselsinthebrainburstsuddenlyorareblocked.Elevenyearslater,DrThunfromtheUSAshowedthatASAcouldreducetheriskofcoloncancerby40percent.In1999,aspirinwas100yearsoldandyettherehavebeenmorediscoveriesonhowitcanhelpincreasethelengthofpeople’slives.In2003,aChinesedoctor,DrYuanMinsheng,foundthatASAcouldreducebloodsugarlevelsand,therefore,helppeoplewithdiabetes.
PENICILLIN
Anotherdrugthathashelpedincreasethestandardofpeople’shealthispenicillin.Thisbacteria-killingmedicineisconsideredbymanytobeoneofthemostimportantmedicinesincontemporarysociety.ItwasdiscoveredbyaScottishscientistnamedAlexanderFlemingin1928.Henotedthatmouldhadgrownonaspecialtransparentjellythathadbacteriaonit.Hesawthatthemouldhadkilledthem.Flemingtriedthismouldoutonanotherbacteriumandfoundthatitkilledthebacteriumtoo.Heimmediatelythoughtthatthisapplicationmighthelpintreatingwoundsandillnessescausedbybacteria.Henamedthechemicalfoundinthemould‘penicillin’andtriedtomakeitpuretobeamedicine,butwasunabletodothat.Flemingdidnotgiveup.However,itwasnotuntilWorldWarIIthattwootherscientists,HowardFlorey(Australian)andErnstChain(GermanbornEnglish)managedtousenewchemicaltechniquestopurifyit.Theywereabletoproduceitinlargequantities.Theirnewdrugwasneededimmediatelybecauseofthewar,somassproductionstartedquickly.Duetothewidespreaduseofpenicillin,manylivesweresavedduringWorldWarII.Itwasadreamcometrue.Ifpenicillinhadnotbeenavailable,manypeoplewouldhavediedfrombacterialillnessesorevenminorwounds.Penicillinisalsousedtotreatotherillnessesincludingpneumonia,anillnessthataffectsthelungs.So,althoughFlemingdiscoveredpenicillin,itwasoveradecadebeforesomeoneelseturnedpenicillinintothegreatdrugofthe20thcentury.
In1945,allthethreescientists,Fleming,FloreyandChain,sharedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinefortheirwork,andpenicillinrapidlybecamethepowerful‘wonderdrug’whichsavedmillionsoflives.
1.Welearnfromthepassagethatthetrialuseofaspirininpowderformmaydatebackto________.
A.2500yearsagoB.3,500yearsagoC.1897D.1899
2.Aspirinhasbeenrecognizedasthebest-sellingpainkillerbytheworld________.
A.forfewerthan50yearsB.since3,500yearsago
C.formorethan50yearsD.eversinceitwasputontothemarket
3.Variousresearchesandreportsshowthataspirincanbeusedinatleast________differentwaysinmedicaltreatment.
A.fiveB.fourC.threeD.six
4.Penicillinwasdiscoveredin________andsavedmanylivesin________.
A.1914;WorldWarIB.1928;WorldWarIIC.1929;VietnamWarD.1945;WorldWarII
5.Penicillincanbeusedtotreatallofthefollowingexcept________.
A.pneumoniaB.woundscausedbybacteriaC.diabetes