英语自考本科英语语法名词解释.docx
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英语自考本科英语语法名词解释
1.Predicativemodalauxility
ThePredicativemodalauxilityisacategoryofmodalauxiliary.Thepredictivemeaning,ratherhomogeneousinnature,isconcernedwiththespeaker’sassuptionorassessmentofprobabilityand,inmostcases,indicatesthespeaker’sconfidenceinthetruthofhisstatement.Forexample,might,may,could,can.
2.Anaphoricrefernce
Anaphoricrefernce:
referncebackwardsinthetext.Apersonalpronoun,forexample,oftenhasanaphoricreference,i.e.youhavetolookattheprecedingcontexttoseewhatitrefersto.Forexample,annwasstudyingforherexams.Shefounditdifficulttoconcentrate.Inthisexample,shehasanaphoricreference.
3.Non-finiteverbs:
Thenon-finiteverbsaresocalledbecausetheyarenotmarkedforttenseofforsubject-verbconcord.Werecognitethreetypesofnon-finiteverbs:
infinitive,-ingparticipleand–edparticiple.
4.Extraposition
Theextrapositionisdefinedasthereplacementofthepostponeditembyasubstituteform.
5.Text
Thetermtextreferstoaunifiedpassage.Atextmaybespokenorwritten,proseorverse,dialogueormonologue.Itmaybeanythingfromasingleproverbtoawholeplay,fromamomentarycryforhelptoall-daydiscussiononacommittee.
6.participles
Participlesbelongtonon-finiteverbtype.
Therearetwokindsofparticiples:
-ingparticipleand–edparticiple.
7.Whatisdanglingparticiple?
Whenthesubjectofaparticipleisnotexpressed,itisnormallyunderstoodtobethesubjectofthemainclause.Wecallthiskindofparticipledanglingparticiple.
8.Whatis“fronting”?
“fronting”isatermwhichreferstotheremovalofanitemfromitsunmarkedpost-subjectpositiontothemarkedpre-subjectposition.Asfrontingmovesintotheinitialpositionanitemwhichdoesnotusuallybelongthere,suchagrammaticaldevicedisturbstheexpectedrouteofinformationflowandinevitablebringsaboutunusualness,i.e.“thismanovertherepeopleinthevicinityhaveaverylowopinionof.”
9.Define“ellipsis”
Thebasicprincipleofellipsisisleavingoutsomethingunderstoodandhenceproducesimcompletesentenceswithsuchastructureastopresupposeaprecedingitem.Ellipsis,somehowlikesubstitutions,setsupcohesiononthebasisofstructuralrecoverabilitywithreferencetothelinguisticcontext.Herearethreetypesofellipsis:
nominal:
whygivemetwocupsofcoffee?
Ionlyaskedforone.
a.Verbal:
A:
haveyouseenhimbefore?
B:
yes,Ihave.
b.clausal:
A:
willitraintomorrow?
B:
perhaps.
10.Determiners
Determinersrefertowordswhichareusedinthepremodificationofanounphraseandwhichtypicallyprecedeanyadjectivesthatpremodifytheheadword.
11.themajorfunctionofprepositions
Themajorfunctionofprepositionsistoconnectnouns,verbsandadjectivestootherpartsofthesentence,e.g..Igetuoearlyinthemorning.
12.disjunct
Disjunctsconveyacommentonthecontentoftheclausetowhichtheyareperipherallyattached.
13.adjunt
Adjuntisawordoragroupofwordswhichweaddtoaclausetosaysomethingthecircumstancesofaneventorsituation,forexample,when,whereorhowitoccurs.
14.Whatisdoublerelativeclause?
Itisusedtocoveralltheverbformsthatexpressassumptionscontrarytothegivenfactornotlikelytobematerialized,andbecomesafarlessimportantverbalcategorythanwassuggested.
15.Coordination
Coordinationisrealizedbycoordinatorswhichjoinunitsatthesamelevel.
16.Subordination
Subordinationisrealizedbysubordinators,involvesthelinkingofunitsatdifferentlevelssothattheyformahierarchy.Asubordinatorintroducesasubordinateclausewhichisattachedtothemainclause.
18.Doublegenitive
Doublegenitive,alsoreferredtoasthe“postgenitive”,isalsocalledbecauseitisacombinationofthegenitiveandtheof-phrase,suchasafriendofmybrother’s.
21.nounclasses
Nounclassesincludepropernounsandcommonnouns.
Commonnounsincludecountablenounsandmassnouns.
Countablenounsincludeconcretenounsandabstractnouns.
22.Propernouns
Propernounsdenoteindividualpersons,places,etc.apropernounnormallybeginswithacapicalletter,hasnopluralformandcannotoccurafteranarticle.
23.Massnouns
Nounscannottakepluralarecalledmassnouns.
24.Collectivenoun
Collectivenounsrefertoagroupofpeople,animalandthings,whichareusuallycountable.
25.Unionnoun
Itisalsocalled"partitive",isaveryspecialclassofwordsthatisusedtospecifythequantitiesmeasuresandshapesofthemodifiednounsuchas:
piece,batch,bunch,item,etc.
26.Pluralinvariables
Nounsarealwaysoccurinpluralform.
27.Pluralcompounds
Threetendenciesareatworkintheinflectionofcompoundsforplural:
pluralizethelastelement,pluralizethefirstelementandplurizebothfirstandt