英语中国文化.docx
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英语中国文化
ChineseKnowledgeyouhavetoknow
1.十天干：
甲jia乙yi丙bing丁ding戊wu
己ji庚geng辛xin壬ren癸gui
2.十二地支：
子zi丑chou寅yin卯mao辰chen巳si
午wu未wei申shen酉you戌xu亥hai
3.十二地支动物英语名：
Rat:
子鼠；Ox:
丑牛；Tiger:
寅虎；
Rabbit:
卯兔；Dragon:
辰龙；Snake：
巳蛇；
Horse:
午马；Goat:
未羊；Monkey:
申猴；
Rooster:
酉鸡；Dog:
戌狗；Pig:
亥猪
4.
BookofSpringandAutumn《春秋》
BookofOdes《诗》
BookofHistory《书》
BookofRites《礼》
BookofMusic《乐》
BookofChange《易》
Thebenevolentlovespeople.仁者爱人。
Inordertoestablishoneself,establishothers;inordertodeveloponeself,developothers./Tomakeaccomplishmentyoumusthelpotherstobeaccomplishedtoo.
夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。
Don’tdoontootherswhatyoudon’twantotherstodoontoyou./Donotdotootherswhatyouwouldnotlikeyourself.
己所不欲，勿施于人。
AllwithintheFourSeasarebrothers.
四海之内，皆兄弟也。
YoumayrobtheThreeArmiesoftheircommander-in-chief,butyoucannotdeprivethehumblestpeasantofhisopinion.
三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺志也。
AmancanenlargehisWay,butthereisnoWaythatcanenlargeaman.
人能弘道，非道弘人。
Isitnotapleasure,havinglearnedsomething,totryitoutatdueintervals?
学而时习之，不亦说乎?
Isitnotajoytohavefriendscomefromafar?
有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎?
Tosayyouknowwhenyouknow,andtosayyoudonotwhenyoudonot;thatisknowledge.
知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。
Wheneverwalkinginacompanyofthree,Icanalwaysfindmyteacheramongthem（oronewhohassomethingtoteachme
三人行，必有我师焉。
Amanwhodoesnotthinkandplanlongaheadwillfindtroublerightbyhisdoor.
人无远虑，必有近忧。
Atfifteen,Ibegantobeseriouslyinterestedinstudy.Atthirty,Ihadformedmycharacter.Atforty,Ihadnomoreperplexities.Atfifty,Iknewthewillofheaven.Atsixty,nothingthatIhearddisturbedme.Atseventy,Icouldletmythoughtwanderwithouttrespassingthemorallaw.
吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十
而从心所欲，不逾矩。
Ayouthistoberegardedwithrespect./Weshouldholdtheyounginawe
后生可畏
Rottenwoodcannotbecarved.
朽木不可雕也
WhenIhearamantalk,IreservemyjudgmentuntilIseehowheacts./Havinglistenedtoaman'swordsIgoontoobservehisdeeds.
听其言而观其行
Hewasofanactivenatureandyetfondoflearning,andhewasnotashamedtoaskandlearnofhisinferiors!
敏而好学，不耻下问
Inteachingthereshouldbenodistinctionofclasses.
有教无类。
Thosewhosecoursesaredifferentcannotlayplansforoneanother.
道不同，不相为谋。
Thelackofself-restraintinsmallmatterswillbringruintogreatplans./Amanwhocannotputupwithsmalllossesordisadvantageswilloftenspoilabigplan.
小不忍，则乱大谋。
Idonotknowhowamanwithouttruthfulnessistogeton./Idonotseehowamancanbeacceptablewhoisuntrustworthyinword?
人而无信，不知其可也。
Tolearncontinuallyandtoteachotherpeopleunceasingly
学而不厌，诲人不倦
EnglishTerms
ChineseEquivalents
HundredSchoolsofThought
诸子百家
ContentionofaHundredSchoolsofThought
百家争鸣
itinerantscholars
游方文人学士
purgeofdissent
清除异己
ConfucianClassics
儒家经典
theSpringandAutumnperiodandtheWarringStatesperiod
春秋战国
preservethesocialorder
维持社会秩序
socialstratification
社会阶层
MasterKong
孔夫子
accretionsto
添加
philosophicalcore
哲学核心
martialprowess
军事能力
Taoistrecluse
道家遁世者
primitivematerialistempiricism
原始的唯物经验主义
humancognition
人类的认知
ritualandmusic
礼乐
Pacifism
和平相处
Meritocracy
能者居上
FiveElements
五行
epistemologicaltheories
认识论
sophistsordialecticians
辩证家
lobbyingskill
游说
orators,debatersandtacticians
演讲家和策士
YiWenZhi
艺文志
theBookofHan
汉书，又称前汉书
MinistryofEducation
掌教育者（周朝称事务官）
MinistryofJustice
掌刑罚者（周朝称司寇）
MinistryofRituals
掌祭祀礼仪者（周朝称太宗）
GuardiansoftheTemple
寺人（周朝）
MinistryofEmbassies
监国（周朝派到诸侯国的使臣）
governmentcounselors
谋士
MinistryoftheSoilandWheat
掌土地农事者（周朝称司徒）
Burningofbooksandburyingofscholars
焚书坑儒
1.Lettherulerbearulerandthesubjectasubject.君君臣臣，父父子子。
2.Virtuousmanseeksprinciplebutnotfood;Virtuousmanworriesaboutprinciplebutnotpoverty.君子谋道不谋食，君子忧道不忧贫。
3.Thesuperiormanissatisfiedandcomposed;themeanmanisalwaysfullofdistress.
君子坦荡荡，小人长戚戚。
4.Notonlycanwaterfloataboat,itcansinkitalso.水能载舟亦能覆舟
5.Ifeveryoneintheworldwillloveuniversally;statesnotattackingoneanother;housesnotdisturbingoneanother;thievesandrobbersbecomingextinct;emperorandministers,fathersandsons,allbeingaffectionateandfilial--ifallthiscomestopasstheworldwillbeorderly.
若使天下兼相爱，国与国不相攻，家与家不相乱，盗贼无有，君臣父子皆能孝慈，若此则天下治。
6.Read10,000books,travel10,000miles.行万里路，读万卷书
7.Thistree,becauseitswoodisgoodfornothing,willsucceedinlivingoutitsnaturaltermofyears.此木以不材得终其天年。
8.Beinginharmonywithmeniscalledthejoyofmen;beinginharmonywithHeaveniscalledthejoyofHeaven.与人和者，谓之人乐；与天和者，谓之天乐。
9.Thehighestexcellenceislike（thatof）water.上善若水。
.
1.SchoolofScholars（儒家）
2.SchoolofLaw（法家）
3.SchooloftheWay（道家）
4.SchoolofMo（墨家）
5.SchoolofYin-yang（阴阳家）
6.SchoolofNames（名家）
7.SchoolofAgriculture（农家）
8.SchoolofVerticalandHorizontalAlliances（纵横家）
9.MiscellaneousSchool（杂家）
10.Schoolof“Minor-talks”（小说家）
11.SchooloftheMilitary（兵家）
Xunzi
LüBuwei
ZhuangZi
Mencius
Sunzi
HanFei
Confucius
MoDi
LiSi
SuQin
ShangYang
LaoZi
GongsunLong
SunBin
TaoQian
XuXing
ZhangYi
ZouYan
B
1.paper-cuts
2.SpringFestivalcouplets
3.Guo-nian;havetheSpringFestival
4.specialpurchasesfortheSpringFestival;doSpringFestivalshopping
5.exhibitoflanterns
6.firecrackersandfireworks
7.liondanceanddragondance
8.giftmoney;moneygiventochildrenasalunarNewYeargift
9.poeticcouplet:
twosuccessiverhyminglinesinpoetry
10.staying-up
11.payNewYear'scall;giveNewYear'sgreetings;NewYear'svisit
12.NewYearpaintings
13.traditionaloperaandvarietyshow;vaudeville
14.redpackets
15.familyreuniondinner
16.riddleswrittenonlanterns
17.offersacrificestoone'sancestors
18.thedinneronnewyear'seve
19.bidfarewelltotheoldyear
20.getridoftheill-fortune
A
a.过年
b.对联
c.春联
d.剪纸
e.年画
f.买年货
g.爆竹与烟花
h.红包
i.舞狮舞龙
j.戏曲杂耍
k.灯会
l.守岁
m.拜年
n.压岁钱
o.灯谜
p.去晦气
q.祭祖宗
r.辞旧岁
s.团圆饭
t.年夜饭
BasicknowledgeandTranslation:
1.SchoolofScholars（儒家）
2.SchoolofLaw（法家）
3.SchooloftheWay（道家）
4.SchoolofMo（墨家）
5.SchoolofYin-yang（阴阳家）
6.SchoolofNames（名家）
7.SchoolofAgriculture（农家）
8.SchoolofVerticalandHorizontalAlliances（纵横家）
9.MiscellaneousSchool（杂家）
10.Schoolof“Minor-talks”（小说家）
11.SchooloftheMilitary（兵家）
1.（明朝）theMingDynasty
2.（木板印刷）woodblockprinting
3.（唐朝）TangDynasty
4.（活字印刷）movabletypeprinting
5.（宋朝）SongDynasty
6.（白话文学）baihualiterature
7.（古典文学）classicalliterature
8.（东周王朝）EasternZhouDynasty
9.（《易经》）IChing
10.（伏羲）FuXi
11.（《诗经》）TheClassicofPoetry
12.（《礼记》）TheRecordofRites
13.（《春秋》编年史）TheSpringandAutumnAnnals
14.（《论语》）TheAnalectsofConfucius
15.（《淮南子》）Huainanzi
16.（道教）Taoism
17.（诸子百家）theHundredSchoolsofThought
18.（战国时期）theWarringStatesPeriod
19.（春秋时期）SpringandAutumnperiods
20.（《红楼梦》）ThedreamoftheRedChamber
ReadingComprehension:
Passage1
KuaFuChasingtheSun
KuaFuChasingtheSunisoneoftheearliestfamousfablesinChina.IttalksaboutthelegendarystoryofKuaFuwhoaspiredtocatchupwiththesun.
Inancienttimes,therelivedagroupofmightygiantsdeepintheforestsinthenorthandKuaFuwastheirleader.Atthattime,theworldwasdesolateanduncultured,infestedwithvipersandbeasts.KuaFukepthangingtheferocious（凶猛的）snakeshecaughtonearsfordecoration,orgrabbedtheminhandswavingproudly.
Inayearwhentheweatherwasextraordinarilyhot,theplantswerescorched（晒焦）,theriversweredriedandpeopleweresufferingfromtheintenseheatofthesun.KuaFusworetocatchthesunandtameittoserveforall.
Thesunmovedfleetinglyinthesky,whileKuaFuchaseditlikewindontheground.Whenheshookoffthedustsinhisshoes,thedustsbecameahill;heusedthreestonestosupporthisboilerwhenhewascooking,andthestoneslaterbecamethreemountains.
Hecaughtupwiththesunfinallyafterninedaysandnights.However,thesunwassoscorchingthathefeltthirstyandtiredandwenttotheYellowRiverandtheWeiRivertoquench（解渴）histhirst.ButthewaterfromthesetworiverswasnotsufficienttosatisfyhimandhedecidedtogototheGreatLaketodrinkitswater.Beforehegottherehediedofthirstontheway.
Beforehisdeath,KuaFucasthiswalkingstickaway,andtheplaceitfelloffimmediatelygrewahugelushpeachforests.Theforestswereflourishingallyearround,whichprovidesshadesandpeachesforthepassersbyandhard-workingpeopletoquenchthirst.
Passage2
AnUnrequitedKindness
WeareallveryfamiliarwiththeArabianNightsandthestoryoftheFishermanandtheDevil.AverysimilarfableinChinaiscalledMasterDongguoandtheWolfofZhongshanorAnUnrequitedKindness.
MasterDongguo,apedantic（书生气的）teacherandfollowerofMohism（墨家思想）,wasreadytohelpanyoneindistress,whoeveritmightbeandregardlessofthecircumstances.OnedayonajourneythroughtheZhongshanMountain,hecameacrossawoundedwolfbeingpursuedbyhunters.Atbay,thewolfsweetlybeggedthemastertohelphim.TheoldmansawachancetoactontheMohistdoctrine（教义）of“universalfraternity（四海之内皆兄弟）”,hethentookthebooksoutofhistravellingbagandputthewolfinit.Whenthehuntercamealongandinquiredifhehadseenawolf.MasterDongguolied,sayingthathehadnoticednothingunusual.Thehuntersgalloped（飞奔）on.
However,whenthewolfwasletoutofthebag,heshowed
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