胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案.docx

胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案.docx

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胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案

胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案

Definethefollowingterms:

1.designfeature:

arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.

2.function:

theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsinclucleimformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction.

3.etic:

atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Beingeticmansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviouslyinconsequential,differentiations,justaswasofterthecasewithphoneticvx.phonemicanalysisinlinguisticsproper.

4.      emic:

atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunithratherthanviaqppealtotheinvestigator’singenuithorintuitionalone.

5.      synchronic:

akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant（usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent）,asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.

6.      diachronic:

studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

7.      prescriptive:

thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

8.      prescriptive:

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.

9.      descriptive:

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.

10.      arbitrariness:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

11.      duality:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

12.      displacement:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.

13.      phaticcommunion:

onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.

14.      metalanguage:

certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.

15.      macrolinguistics:

heinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesofmacrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,                                          anthropologicallinguistics,et

16.      competence:

languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.

17.      performance:

theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.

18.      langue:

thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.

19.      parole:

theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics（utterances）.

20．      Articulatoryphonetics:

thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.

21．      Coarticulation:

akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved..Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.

22．      Voicing:

pronouncingasound（usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant）byvibratingthevocalcords.

23．      Broadandnarrowtranscription:

theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.

24．      Consonant:

aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.

25．      Phoneme:

theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.

26．      Allophone:

anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme（eg.isanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated.Bothandareallophonesofthephoneme/t/.

27．      Vowl:

aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.

28．      Mannerofarticulation;intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.

29．      Placeofarticulation:

intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.

30．      Distinctivefeatures:

atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother.

31．      Complementarydistribution:

therelationbetweentowspeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.

32．      IPA:

theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888thenithasundergonganumberofrevisions.IPAisacomprisedsystememployingsymbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italicsuprighted,obsoleteletters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.

33．      Suprasegmental:

suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsupra-segmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,,andintonation.

34．      Suprasegmental:

aspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.

35.      morpheme:

thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

36.      compoundolymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.

37.      inflection:

themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.

38.      affix:

thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme（therootorstem）.

39.      derivation:

differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.

40.      root:

thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.

41.      allomorph:

;anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,inEnglishthepluralmorthemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.

42.      Stem:

anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.

43.      boundmorpheme:

anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworlditisaddedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemein“dog’s”.

44.      freemorpheme:

anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.

45.      lexeme:

Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyintheformofaword（e.g.”doginthemanger”）

46.      lexicon:

alistofallthewordsinalanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovidedwithsemanticinterpretation.

47.      grammaticalword:

wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions,articlesandpronouns.

48.      lexicalword:

wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andverbs.

49.      open-class:

awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs.

50.      blending:

arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.

51.      loanvoord:

aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation,insomecases,toehphonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.

52.      loanblend:

aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.

53.      leanshift:

aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.

54.      acronym:

ismadeupformthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.

55.      loss:

thedisappearanceoftheverysoundasamorphemeinthephonologicalsystem.

56.      back-formation:

anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.

57.      assimilation:

thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.

58.      dissimilation:

theinfluenceexercised.Byonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent.

59.      folketymology:

achangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnationoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmist