商业建筑外文文献翻译).doc
《商业建筑外文文献翻译).doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《商业建筑外文文献翻译).doc(6页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
CommercialBuildings
Abstract:
Aguideandgeneralreferenceonelectricaldesignforcommercialbuildingsisprovided.Itcoversloadcharacteristics;voltageconsiderations;powersourcesanddistributionapparatus;controllers;services,vaults,andelectricalequipmentrooms;wiringsystems;systemsprotectionandcoordination;lighting;electricspaceconditioning;transportation;communicationsystemsplanning;facilityautomation;expansion,modernization,andrehabilitation;specialrequirementsbyoccupancy;andelectricalenergymanagement.Althoughdirectedtothepowerorientedengineerwithlimitedcommercialbuildingexperience,itcanbeanaidtoallengineersresponsiblefortheelectricaldesignofcommercialbuildings.Thisrecommendedpracticeisnotintendedtobeacompletehandbook;however,itcandirecttheengineertotexts,periodicals,andreferencesforcommercialbuildingsandactasaguidethroughthemyriadofcodes,standards,andpracticespublishedbytheIEEE,otherprofessionalassociations,andgovernmentalbodies.
Keywords:
Commercialbuildings,electricpowersystems,loadcharacteristics
1.Introduction
1.1Scope
Thisrecommendedpracticewillprobablybeofgreatestvaluetothepowerorientedengineerwithlimitedcommercialbuildingexperience.Itcanalsobeanaidtoallengineersresponsiblefortheelectricaldesignofcommercialbuildings.
However,itisnotintendedasareplacementforthemanyexcellentengineeringtextsandhandbookscommonlyinuse,norisitdetailedenoughtobeadesignmanual.Itshouldbeconsideredaguideandgeneralreferenceonelectricaldesignforcommercialbuildings.
1.2CommercialBuildings
Theterm“commercial,residential,andinstitutionalbuildings”asusedinthischapter,encompassesallbuildingsotherthanindustrialbuildingsandprivatedwellings.Itincludesofficeandapartmentbuildings,hotels,schools,andchurches,marine,air,railway,andbusterminals,departmentstores,retailshops,governmentalbuildings,hospitals,nursinghomes,mentalandcorrectionalinstitutions,theaters,sportsarenas,andotherbuildingsservingthepublicdirectly.Buildings,orpartsofbuildings,withinindustrialcomplexes,whichareusedasofficesormedicalfacilitiesorforsimilarnonindustrialpurposes,fallwithinthescopeofthisrecommendedpractice.
Today’scommercialbuildings,becauseoftheirincreasingsizeandcomplexity,havebecomemoreandmoredependentuponadequateandreliableelectricsystems.Onecanbetterunderstandthecomplexnatureofmoderncommercialbuildingsbyexaminingthesystems,equipment,andfacilitieslistedin1.2.1.
1.2.2ElectricalDesignElements
Inspiteofthewidevarietyofcommercial,residential,andinstitutionalbuildings,someelectricaldesignelementsarecommontoall.Theseelements,listedbelow,willbediscussedgenerallyinthissectionandindetailintheremainingsectionsofthisrecommendedpractice.Theprincipaldesignelementsconsideredinthedesignofthepower,lighting,andauxiliarysystemsinclude:
1)Magnitudes,quality,characteristics,demand,andcoincidenceordiversityofloadsandloadfactors
2)Service,distribution,andutilizationvoltagesandvoltageregulation
3)Flexibilityandprovisionsforexpansion
4)Reliabilityandcontinuity
5)Safetyofpersonnelandproperty
6)Initialandmaintainedcost
7)Operationandmaintenance
8)Faultcurrentandsystemcoordination
9)Powersources
10)Distributionsystems
11)Legallyrequiredandoptionalstandby/emergencypowersystems
12)Energyconservation,demand,andcontrol
13)Conformancewithregulatoryrequirements
14)Specialrequirementsofthesiterelatedto:
seismicrequirements,altitude,soundlevels,security,exposuretophysicalelements,firehazards,hazardouslocations,andpowerconditioninganduninterruptiblepowersupply(UPS)systems
1.10Safety
Safetyoflifeandpreservationofpropertyaretwoofthemostimportantfactorsinthedesignoftheelectricsystem.
Thisisespeciallytrueincommercialbuildingsbecauseofpublicoccupancy,thoroughfare,andhighoccupancydensity.Inmanycommercialbuildings,thesystemsoperatingstaffhaveverylimitedtechnicalcapabilitiesandmaynothaveanyspecificelectricaltraining.
Variouscodesproviderulesandregulationsasminimumsafeguardsoflifeandproperty.Theelectricaldesignengineermayoftenprovidegreatersafeguardsthanoutlinedinthecodesaccordingtohisorherbestjudgment,whilealsogivingconsiderationtoutilizationandeconomics.
Personnelsafetymaybedividedintotwocategories:
1)Safetyformaintenanceandoperatingpersonnel
2)Safetyforthegeneralpublic
Safetyformaintenanceandoperatingpersonnelisachievedthroughtheproperdesignandselectionofequipmentwithregardtoenclosures,key-interlocking,circuitbreakerandfuse-interruptingcap