语言学教程课后答案定义归纳精.docx

语言学教程课后答案定义归纳精.docx

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语言学教程课后答案定义归纳精

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第三版）---------课后习题单词定义归纳

ChapterIInvitationtoLinguistics

1.Definethefollowingterms:

定义特征designfeature:

thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals.

功能function:

therolelanguageplaysincommunication（e.g.toexpressideas,attitudesorinparticularsocialsituations（e.g.religious,legal.

共时的synchronic:

saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical‗point‘intime.

历时的diachronic:

saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime.

规定式prescriptive:

tomakeauthoritarianstatementaboutthecorrectnessofaparticularuseoflanguage.

描写式descriptive:

tomakeanobjectiveandsystematicaccountofthepatternsanduseofalanguageorvariety.

任意式arbitrariness:

theabsenceofanyphysicalcorrespondencebetweenlinguisticsignalsandtheentitiestowhichtheyrefer.二层式duality:

thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:

meaningfulunits（e.g.wordsandmeaninglesssegments（e.g.sounds,letters.

移位式displacement:

theabilityoflanguagetorefertocontextsremovedfromthespeaker‘simmediatesituation.

寒暄phaticcommunion:

saidoftalkusedtoestablishatmosphereormaintainsocialcontact.

元语言metalanguage:

alanguageusedfortalkingaboutlanguage.

宏观语言学macrolinguistics:

abroadconceptionoflinguisticenquiry,includingpsychological,cultural,etc.

语言能力competence:

unconsciousknowledgeofthesystemofgrammaticalrulesinalanguage.

语言运用performance:

thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.

语言langue:

thelanguagesystemsharedbya―speechcommunity‖.

言语parole:

theconcreteutterancesofaspeaker.

Chapter2Speechsounds

1.Definethefollowingterms:

语音学phonetics:

thestudyofhowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Itcanbedividedintothreemainareasofstudy—articulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandperceptual/auditoryphonetics.

发音语音学articulatoryphonetics:

thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds,orthestudyofhowspeechsoundsareproduced/made.

音系学phonology:

thestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.

发音器官speechorgans:

thosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech,alsoknownas‗vocalorgans‘.

带声器官voicing:

thevibrationofthevocalfolds.Whenthevocalfoldsareclosetogether,theairstreamcausesthemtovibrateagainsteachotherandtheresultantsoundissaidtobe‗voiced‘.Whenthevocalfoldsareapartandtheaircanpassthrougheasily,thesoundproducedissaidtobe‗voiceless‘.

国际音标InternationalPhoneticAlphabet:

asetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart（theIPAchart,designedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationsince1888.Ithasbeenrevisedfromtimetotimetoincludenewdiscoveriesandchangesinphonetictheoryandpractice.Thelatestversionhasbeenrevisedin1993andupdatedin1996.

辅音consonant:

amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.

元音vowel:

amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedwithoutobstructionofthevocaltractsothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthorthenose.

发音方式mannerofarticulation:

waysinwhicharticulationofconsonantscanbeaccomplished—（athearticulatorsmaycloseofftheoraltractforaninstantorarelativelylongperiod;（btheymaynarrowthespaceconsiderably;or（ctheymaysimplymodifytheshapeofthetractbyapproachingeachother.

发音部位placeofarticulation:

thepointwhereanobstructiontotheflowofairismadeinproducingaconsonant.

基本元音CardinalVowels:

asetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages.

半元音semi-vowel:

segmentsthatareneitherconsonantsnorvowels,e.g.[j]and[w].

滑元音vowelglide:

vowelsthatinvolveachangeofquality,includingdiphthongs,whenasinglemovementofthetongueismade,andtriphthongs,whereadoublemovementisperceived.

协同发音coarticulation:

simultaneousoroverlappingarticulations,aswhenthenasalqualityofanasalsoundaffectstheprecedingorfollowingsoundsothatthelatterbecomesnasalized.Iftheaffectedsoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,itisknownas‗anticipatorycoarticulation‘;ifthesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,itis‗perseverativecoarticution‘.

音位phoneme:

aunitofexplicitsoundcontrast.Iftwosoundsinalanguagemakeacontrast,betweentwodifferentwords,theyaresaidtobedifferentphonemes.

音位变体allophone:

variantsofthesamephoneme.Iftwoormorephoneticallydifferentsoundsdonotmakeacontrastinmeaning,they

aresaidtobeallophonesofthesamephoneme.Tobeallophones,theymustbeincomplementarydistributionandbearphoneticsimilarity.

同化现象assimilation:

aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound,atermoftenusedsynonymouslywith‗coarticulation‘.Ifafollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound,itiscalled‗regressiveassimilation‘;theconverseprocess,inwhichaprecedingsoundisinfluencingafollowingsound,isknownas‗progressiveassimilation‘.

剩余位置条件ElsewhereCondition:

Themorespecificruleappliedfirst.Itisappliedwhentwoormorerulesareinvolvedinderivingthesurfaceformfromtheunderlyingform.

区别特征distinctivefeatures:

ameansofworkingoutasetofphonologicalcontrastsoroppositionstocaptureparticularaspectsoflanguagesounds,firstsuggestedbyRomanJacobsoninthe1940sandthendevelopedbynumerousotherpeople.音节syllable:

animportantunitinthestudyofsuprasegmentals.Asyllablemusthaveanucleusorpeak,whichisoftenthetaskofavowelorpossiblythatofasyllabicconsonant,andofteninvolvesanoptionalsetofconsonantsbeforeand/orafterthenucleus.

最大节首原则MaximalOnsetPrinciple:

aprinciplefordividingthesyllableswhenthereisaclusterofconsonantsbetweentwovowels,whichstatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.

重音stress:

thedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.Whenasyllableisproducedwithmoreforceandisthereforemore‗prominent‘,itisa‗stressed‘syllableincontrasttoalessprominent,‗unstressed‘syllable.

语调intonation:

theoccurrenceofrecurringfall-risepatterns,eachofwhichisusedwithasetofrelativelyconsistentmeanings,eitheronsinglewordsorongroupsofwordsofvaryinglength.

声调tone:

asetoffall-risepatternsaffectingthemeaningsofindividualwords.

Chapter3Lexicon

1.Definethefollowingterms

语素morpheme:

thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicallyorgrammatically.Takeforexample,thewordtouristscontainsthreemorphemes.Thereisoneminimalunitofmeaning,tour,anotherminimalunitofmeaning–ist（meaning―personwhodoessomething,andaminimalunitofgrammaticalfunction–s（indicatingplural.Meanwhile,fromtheaboveexample,wecanfurtherclassifymorphemesintodifferenttypesondifferentdimensions:

（afreemorphemes,whichcanstandbythemselvesassinglewords,e.g.tourintourist,andboundmorphemes,whichcannotnormallystandalone,butwhicharetypicallyattachedtoanotherform,e.g.–ist,-s.（blexicalmorphemesandfunctionalmorphemes.Bothofthesetwotypesofmorphemesfallintothe―free‖category.Thefirstcategoryisthatsetofordinarynouns,adjectivesandverbsthatcarrythe―content‖ofmessageweconvey,e.g.house,longandfollow.Thesecondcategoryconsistslargelyofthefunctionalwordsinthelanguagesuchasconjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronouns,e.g.but,above,theandit.（cderivationalmorphemesandinflectionalmorphemes.Thesetwotypesofmorphemesfallintothe―bound‖category.Thederivationalmorphemesareusedtomakenewwordsinthelanguageandareoftenemployedtoproducewordsofa

differentgrammaticalcategoryfromthestem.Forexample,theadditionofthederivationalmorpheme–nesschangestheadjectivegoodtothenoungoodness.Incontrast,inflectionalmorphemesneverchangethegrammaticalcategoryofaword,butindicateaspectsofthegrammaticalfunctionofaword.Forexample,botholdandolderareadjectives.The–erinflectionsimplycreatesadifferentversionoftheadjective,indicatingacomparativedegree.Asausefulwaytorememberthedifferentcategoriesofmorphemes,thefollowingchartcanbeused:

Itshouldbepointedout,morphemesmayalsobedividedintorootsandaffixes,therootbeingthatpartofawordstructurewhichisleftwhenalltheaffixeshavebeenremoved.Rootmorphemesmaybeboundorfree,andarepotentiallyunlimitedinnumberinalanguage;Affixesareboundmorphemesandlimitedinnumber.Forinstance,intry,tries,trying,tried,therootistry,and–s,-ing,-edareaffixes.

复合词compound:

referstothewordsthatconsistofmorethanonlexicalmorphemeorthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform,suchasclassroom,mailbox,fingerprint,sunburn.Intermsofthewordclassofcompounds,thereareNouncompounds（e.g.daybreak,Verbcompounds（e.g.brainwash,Adjectivecompounds（e.g.dutyfreeandPrepositioncompounds（e.g.throughout.Meanwhilecompoundscanbefurtherdividedintoendocentriccompo