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OPRreport

CALIFORNIAAGRICULTURE:

FeedingtheFuture

Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch

CaliforniaRuralPolicyTaskForce

2003

CALIFORNIAAGRICULTURE:

FeedingtheFuture

2003

PreparedBy:

TheGovernor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch

VitalCommunitiesInstitute

CaliforniaRuralPolicyTaskForce

1400TenthStreet,Sacramento,CA95812-3044,916-322-2318,www.opr.ca.gov

TalFinney,InterimDirector,OfficeofPlanningandResearch

ToniSymonds,Director,CaliforniaRuralPolicyTaskForceandtheVitalCommunitiesInstitute

ProjectStaff

Dr.JohnCross—ResearchDirector&ProfessorofSociologyatCosumnesRiverCollege

KathrynWinter—DirectoroftheLocalGovernmentPartnershipandAssistantDirectoroftheVitalCommunitiesInstitute

NamitaBhatt—ResearchAssociate,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch

KellyDerrick—ResearchAssociate,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch

DanielMejia—ResearchAssociate,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch

LaurenCanacari—ResearchAssociate,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch

ShaliniSingh—ResearchAssociate,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch

EsgarHernandez—ResearchAssociate,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch

TowandaJohn`neiceStarks—ResearchAssociate,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch

DoreenUpdike—AdministrativeAssistant,CVU,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch

CALIFORNIAAGRICULTURE:

FeedingtheFuture

2003

TableofContents

Forward1

ExecutiveSummary2

CaliforniaAgriculture:

FeedingtheFuture3

A.OverviewofAgricultureinCalifornia3

B.Labor6

C.California’sAgriculturalDiversity:

LandandPeople7

D.EnvironmentalBenefitsofAgricultureandChallengesinIdentifyingFairValue9

E.FoodProcessing10

F.Transportation11

Trucking11

Rail11

WaterFreightandPorts12

AirFreight14

G.RetailMarketsforCaliforniaAgriculturalGoods15

Consumption15

HowProduceReachesitsConsumer16

BreakdownoftheRetailFoodDollar16

RoleofImportantBuyers17

H.AgricultureandExports18

Conclusion20

Bibliography21

TABLES

Table1–California’sTop10AgriculturalCounties（DollarsinMillions）3

Table2–ComparisonofTopThreeAgriculturalStates4

Table3–FarmIncomeforCalifornia,IowaandTexasbyIncomeLevel,1987-19979

Table4–EmploymentStatistics10

Table5–AgriculturalExportsbyMajorPorts,200213

Table6–PercentageShareofRetailValuebyMarketFunctionforSelectedCaliforniaCommodities,199116

Table7–FarmShareofRetailValueforMajorAgriculturalCommodities1980-199417

Table8–TopFiveCaliforniaExportIndustriesinBillionsofDollars18

CHARTS

Chart1–StateRankTotalValue2001,DollarsinBillions4

Chart2–CaliforniaAgriculturalSalesComparedtoTopIndustrialSectors,19975

Chart3–AnnualFluctuationinRegisteredAgriculturalEmployment,1991-20006

Chart4–EthnicMinorityFarmOwnersasaPercentageofCaliforniaFarmersReportingEthnicity8

Chart5–AgricultureDedicatedTruckingasaPercentageofTotalCaliforniaTrucking,199711

Chart6–CommoditiesTransportedbyRailOriginatinginCalifornia,200112

Chart7–TotalForeignandDomesticShipmentsbyPort,200013

Chart8–ForeignandDomesticWaterborneShipmentsOriginatinginCaliforniabyCommodity,200114

Chart9–CaliforniaFoodandAgriculturalExportsbyAirasaPercentageofTotalAirExports,2000-200215

Chart10–TopSixExportCommodityGroups（inmillions）19

Chart11–TopFiveExportCommodities19

Chart12–AgriculturalExportstotheTop10DestinationsbyValue,199920

Forward

Thedevelopmentofthisprojecthasbeenaprocessofresearchandcommitmentoveraperiodoffouryearsbeginningwitha1999reportfromtheAssemblySelectCommitteeonAgriculturalImportsandExports,ExoticPestsandtheirThreattoCaliforniaJobs.”

ThepurposeoftheinitialreportwastoidentifyforurbanmembersoftheCaliforniaLegislaturetheimportanceoftheagriculturalindustrytourbaneconomiesasameansforgatheringsupportformorefundingforpestexclusionactivities.ThereportdocumentedtheroleofagricultureinCalifornia’sexporteconomyincludingcontributionstotransportation,foodprocessing,andexportation.

ThisreportwasdevelopedattheVitalCommunitiesInstitute（Institute）apublicpolicyinternshipprogramsponsoredbyOPR.Thereportexpandssignificantlyontheearlyeditionbyincludingafullerdiscussionoflaborimpactsandretailsales.Inaddition,thereportservedasabackgrounddocumentforthepreparationoftheEnvironmentalGoalsandPolicyReport–California’s20-yearmasterplanforgrowthanddevelopmentinCalifornia.

TheResearchAssociatesintheSummer2003sessionoftheInstitutereceivedexcellentguidanceandmentoringbyDr.JohnCross,CosumnesRiverCollege.TheInstitute,OPRandtheCaliforniaRuralPolicyTaskForcearegratefulforhistimeandleadershiponthisproject.

Priortoitspublication,thisreportwassubmittedtothepublicforcommentsandrecommendationsfromthe400+membersofastatewideruralstakeholdersgroupconvenedbytheCaliforniaRuralDevelopmentCouncilandtheCaliforniaRuralPolicyTaskForce.Iamespeciallythankfulforalltheirtimeandeffortinimprovingthereport.

RuralCaliforniaisaveryspecialplace,butitfacesmanychallenges.Itisthehopeforallofuswhohavenurturedthisprojectthroughitsmanyphasesthatthedocumentwillserveasabasisforconstructivedialogueonboththeeconomiccontributionsofagricultureaswellasthekeyissuesfacingtheviabilityofagricultureandruralcommunities,includingagriculturallandsconversiontourbanpurposes,lackofinfrastructuretosupporteconomicdevelopmentactivities,lackofaccesstoaffordablehealthandsocialservicesandinequitablefederaltradepolicieswhichtoooftenexchangesupportforotherindustriesattheexpenseofagriculture.

ToniSymonds

Director,CaliforniaRuralPolicyTaskForce

ExecutiveSummary

ThepurposeofthisreportistolinkthecontributionsofCalifornia’sagriculturalindustrytotheoveralleconomicvitalityofthestate’seconomy.Thereportaddressesfarmgate,transportation,processing,retailsalesandexportsincludinglaborandrevenues.Thereportalsoaddressessomeoftheenvironmentalcontributionsofagriculturewhichhaveeconomicimpactstotheeconomy.

California’sagriculturalsectoristhemostimportantintheUnitedStates,leadingthenation’sproductioninover77differentproductsincludingdairyandanumberoffruitandvegetable“specialty”crops.AlargemeasureofthesuccessofCalifornia’sagricultureisthediversityofitslandanditspeople:

thelargevarietyofcropsthusgrownallowsCaliforniatobeontheleadingedgeofagriculturalmarketsandtechnology.Californiaproducesalmosttwiceasmuch（$25.9billion）asitsclosestcompetitor,Texas,andisthesoleU.S.producerofcropssuchasalmonds,artichokes,persimmons,raisins,andwalnuts.

IncomparisontootherCaliforniaindustriesagriculturalearningsareinthetopfiveindustrialsectors.Combinedwithfoodprocessing,itisthesecondlargestsectorbehindcomputersandelectronics.AnditdoesthiswithaverysmallshareofUSDAfarmsubsidies.Asthesixthlargestagriculturalexporterintheworld,Californiareceivedonly$586millionin2001inUSDAsubsidies,asopposedtoTexas,thesixthlargestexporterintheU.S.,whichgarnered$1.7billionin2001.

Sevenpercentofemploymentinthestate—over25%intheCentralValley—isdirectlyorindirectlyderivedfromagriculture.Californiaagriculturewouldnotthrivewithouttheseasonalworkerstoharvestcropsinlatesummer.Estimatesarethat800,000farmlaborersareemployedduringtheharvestseason.

Foodprocessing,whichprovidesover190,000jobs,isthesecondlargestindustrialsectorinCalifornia.ItisalmostentirelydependentonCaliforniaagriculture.

MostofCalifornia’sagriculturalbountyisshippedbytruck,butasignificantproportionisshippedbyrailandagrowingamountofhigh-endperishables,suchasberriesandflowers,areshippedbyair.Foodproductsarealsothesecondlargestcategoryofshipmentsbywater.

ChangesintheAmericandiethaveledtoagreaterdemandforfreshandprocessedfruitsandvegetables,leadingtogreaterconnectionsbetweenretailersandproducersoffarmproducts.Overtime,thefarmshareoftheretailvalueofproductshasdeclined,forcingfarmstobemoreproductive.

AgriculturalexportshaveincreasedinrecentyearsdespitedeclinesinoverallCaliforniaexports,soagricultureisnowthefifthlargestexportsector.Fruitsandvegetablesarethemostimportantexportgroups,andCanadaandJapanarethemostimportantmarkets.

InadditiontothedirecteconomicbenefitstoCaliforniaandtheworld,agricultureprovidesmanyadditionalbenefitsincludingwatermanagement,wildlifehabitat,scenicopenspace,energyproducts,recreation,floodprotectionandpotentialcarbonoffsetstocounterglobalwarmingfromproductionofcarbondioxidegases.

CaliforniaAgriculture:

FeedingtheFuture

A.OverviewofAgricultureinCalifornia

Californiahasbeenthenation’stopagriculturalproducerforover50years.ThereareatleastfouraspectstoCalifornia’sagriculturaleconomythatcontributestoitssuccess:

itsnaturalresources（land,sunnyclimateandwaterresources）,itsaccesstomarkets,itshard-workinglaborforce,andtheentrepreneurialnatureofCalifornia’sfarmsector.

ThestateofCalifornialeadstheproductionofmorethan77differentagriculturalcommodities.Forthepastnineyears,Californiahasbeenthenation’sleadingdairyproducer,producing33.8millionpound