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OPRreport
CALIFORNIAAGRICULTURE:
FeedingtheFuture
Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch
CaliforniaRuralPolicyTaskForce
2003
CALIFORNIAAGRICULTURE:
FeedingtheFuture
2003
PreparedBy:
TheGovernor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch
VitalCommunitiesInstitute
CaliforniaRuralPolicyTaskForce
1400TenthStreet,Sacramento,CA95812-3044,916-322-2318,www.opr.ca.gov
TalFinney,InterimDirector,OfficeofPlanningandResearch
ToniSymonds,Director,CaliforniaRuralPolicyTaskForceandtheVitalCommunitiesInstitute
ProjectStaff
Dr.JohnCross—ResearchDirector&ProfessorofSociologyatCosumnesRiverCollege
KathrynWinter—DirectoroftheLocalGovernmentPartnershipandAssistantDirectoroftheVitalCommunitiesInstitute
NamitaBhatt—ResearchAssociate,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch
KellyDerrick—ResearchAssociate,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch
DanielMejia—ResearchAssociate,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch
LaurenCanacari—ResearchAssociate,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch
ShaliniSingh—ResearchAssociate,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch
EsgarHernandez—ResearchAssociate,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch
TowandaJohn`neiceStarks—ResearchAssociate,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch
DoreenUpdike—AdministrativeAssistant,CVU,Governor’sOfficeofPlanningandResearch
CALIFORNIAAGRICULTURE:
FeedingtheFuture
2003
TableofContents
Forward1
ExecutiveSummary2
CaliforniaAgriculture:
FeedingtheFuture3
A.OverviewofAgricultureinCalifornia3
B.Labor6
C.California’sAgriculturalDiversity:
LandandPeople7
D.EnvironmentalBenefitsofAgricultureandChallengesinIdentifyingFairValue9
E.FoodProcessing10
F.Transportation11
Trucking11
Rail11
WaterFreightandPorts12
AirFreight14
G.RetailMarketsforCaliforniaAgriculturalGoods15
Consumption15
HowProduceReachesitsConsumer16
BreakdownoftheRetailFoodDollar16
RoleofImportantBuyers17
H.AgricultureandExports18
Conclusion20
Bibliography21
TABLES
Table1–California’sTop10AgriculturalCounties(DollarsinMillions)3
Table2–ComparisonofTopThreeAgriculturalStates4
Table3–FarmIncomeforCalifornia,IowaandTexasbyIncomeLevel,1987-19979
Table4–EmploymentStatistics10
Table5–AgriculturalExportsbyMajorPorts,200213
Table6–PercentageShareofRetailValuebyMarketFunctionforSelectedCaliforniaCommodities,199116
Table7–FarmShareofRetailValueforMajorAgriculturalCommodities1980-199417
Table8–TopFiveCaliforniaExportIndustriesinBillionsofDollars18
CHARTS
Chart1–StateRankTotalValue2001,DollarsinBillions4
Chart2–CaliforniaAgriculturalSalesComparedtoTopIndustrialSectors,19975
Chart3–AnnualFluctuationinRegisteredAgriculturalEmployment,1991-20006
Chart4–EthnicMinorityFarmOwnersasaPercentageofCaliforniaFarmersReportingEthnicity8
Chart5–AgricultureDedicatedTruckingasaPercentageofTotalCaliforniaTrucking,199711
Chart6–CommoditiesTransportedbyRailOriginatinginCalifornia,200112
Chart7–TotalForeignandDomesticShipmentsbyPort,200013
Chart8–ForeignandDomesticWaterborneShipmentsOriginatinginCaliforniabyCommodity,200114
Chart9–CaliforniaFoodandAgriculturalExportsbyAirasaPercentageofTotalAirExports,2000-200215
Chart10–TopSixExportCommodityGroups(inmillions)19
Chart11–TopFiveExportCommodities19
Chart12–AgriculturalExportstotheTop10DestinationsbyValue,199920
Forward
Thedevelopmentofthisprojecthasbeenaprocessofresearchandcommitmentoveraperiodoffouryearsbeginningwitha1999reportfromtheAssemblySelectCommitteeonAgriculturalImportsandExports,ExoticPestsandtheirThreattoCaliforniaJobs.”
ThepurposeoftheinitialreportwastoidentifyforurbanmembersoftheCaliforniaLegislaturetheimportanceoftheagriculturalindustrytourbaneconomiesasameansforgatheringsupportformorefundingforpestexclusionactivities.ThereportdocumentedtheroleofagricultureinCalifornia’sexporteconomyincludingcontributionstotransportation,foodprocessing,andexportation.
ThisreportwasdevelopedattheVitalCommunitiesInstitute(Institute)apublicpolicyinternshipprogramsponsoredbyOPR.Thereportexpandssignificantlyontheearlyeditionbyincludingafullerdiscussionoflaborimpactsandretailsales.Inaddition,thereportservedasabackgrounddocumentforthepreparationoftheEnvironmentalGoalsandPolicyReport–California’s20-yearmasterplanforgrowthanddevelopmentinCalifornia.
TheResearchAssociatesintheSummer2003sessionoftheInstitutereceivedexcellentguidanceandmentoringbyDr.JohnCross,CosumnesRiverCollege.TheInstitute,OPRandtheCaliforniaRuralPolicyTaskForcearegratefulforhistimeandleadershiponthisproject.
Priortoitspublication,thisreportwassubmittedtothepublicforcommentsandrecommendationsfromthe400+membersofastatewideruralstakeholdersgroupconvenedbytheCaliforniaRuralDevelopmentCouncilandtheCaliforniaRuralPolicyTaskForce.Iamespeciallythankfulforalltheirtimeandeffortinimprovingthereport.
RuralCaliforniaisaveryspecialplace,butitfacesmanychallenges.Itisthehopeforallofuswhohavenurturedthisprojectthroughitsmanyphasesthatthedocumentwillserveasabasisforconstructivedialogueonboththeeconomiccontributionsofagricultureaswellasthekeyissuesfacingtheviabilityofagricultureandruralcommunities,includingagriculturallandsconversiontourbanpurposes,lackofinfrastructuretosupporteconomicdevelopmentactivities,lackofaccesstoaffordablehealthandsocialservicesandinequitablefederaltradepolicieswhichtoooftenexchangesupportforotherindustriesattheexpenseofagriculture.
ToniSymonds
Director,CaliforniaRuralPolicyTaskForce
ExecutiveSummary
ThepurposeofthisreportistolinkthecontributionsofCalifornia’sagriculturalindustrytotheoveralleconomicvitalityofthestate’seconomy.Thereportaddressesfarmgate,transportation,processing,retailsalesandexportsincludinglaborandrevenues.Thereportalsoaddressessomeoftheenvironmentalcontributionsofagriculturewhichhaveeconomicimpactstotheeconomy.
California’sagriculturalsectoristhemostimportantintheUnitedStates,leadingthenation’sproductioninover77differentproductsincludingdairyandanumberoffruitandvegetable“specialty”crops.AlargemeasureofthesuccessofCalifornia’sagricultureisthediversityofitslandanditspeople:
thelargevarietyofcropsthusgrownallowsCaliforniatobeontheleadingedgeofagriculturalmarketsandtechnology.Californiaproducesalmosttwiceasmuch($25.9billion)asitsclosestcompetitor,Texas,andisthesoleU.S.producerofcropssuchasalmonds,artichokes,persimmons,raisins,andwalnuts.
IncomparisontootherCaliforniaindustriesagriculturalearningsareinthetopfiveindustrialsectors.Combinedwithfoodprocessing,itisthesecondlargestsectorbehindcomputersandelectronics.AnditdoesthiswithaverysmallshareofUSDAfarmsubsidies.Asthesixthlargestagriculturalexporterintheworld,Californiareceivedonly$586millionin2001inUSDAsubsidies,asopposedtoTexas,thesixthlargestexporterintheU.S.,whichgarnered$1.7billionin2001.
Sevenpercentofemploymentinthestate—over25%intheCentralValley—isdirectlyorindirectlyderivedfromagriculture.Californiaagriculturewouldnotthrivewithouttheseasonalworkerstoharvestcropsinlatesummer.Estimatesarethat800,000farmlaborersareemployedduringtheharvestseason.
Foodprocessing,whichprovidesover190,000jobs,isthesecondlargestindustrialsectorinCalifornia.ItisalmostentirelydependentonCaliforniaagriculture.
MostofCalifornia’sagriculturalbountyisshippedbytruck,butasignificantproportionisshippedbyrailandagrowingamountofhigh-endperishables,suchasberriesandflowers,areshippedbyair.Foodproductsarealsothesecondlargestcategoryofshipmentsbywater.
ChangesintheAmericandiethaveledtoagreaterdemandforfreshandprocessedfruitsandvegetables,leadingtogreaterconnectionsbetweenretailersandproducersoffarmproducts.Overtime,thefarmshareoftheretailvalueofproductshasdeclined,forcingfarmstobemoreproductive.
AgriculturalexportshaveincreasedinrecentyearsdespitedeclinesinoverallCaliforniaexports,soagricultureisnowthefifthlargestexportsector.Fruitsandvegetablesarethemostimportantexportgroups,andCanadaandJapanarethemostimportantmarkets.
InadditiontothedirecteconomicbenefitstoCaliforniaandtheworld,agricultureprovidesmanyadditionalbenefitsincludingwatermanagement,wildlifehabitat,scenicopenspace,energyproducts,recreation,floodprotectionandpotentialcarbonoffsetstocounterglobalwarmingfromproductionofcarbondioxidegases.
CaliforniaAgriculture:
FeedingtheFuture
A.OverviewofAgricultureinCalifornia
Californiahasbeenthenation’stopagriculturalproducerforover50years.ThereareatleastfouraspectstoCalifornia’sagriculturaleconomythatcontributestoitssuccess:
itsnaturalresources(land,sunnyclimateandwaterresources),itsaccesstomarkets,itshard-workinglaborforce,andtheentrepreneurialnatureofCalifornia’sfarmsector.
ThestateofCalifornialeadstheproductionofmorethan77differentagriculturalcommodities.Forthepastnineyears,Californiahasbeenthenation’sleadingdairyproducer,producing33.8millionpound