CohesioninEnglish.docx

CohesioninEnglish.docx

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CohesioninEnglish

CohesioninEnglish

ThevariouskindsofcohesionhadbeenoutlinedbyMAKHallidayinhiswritingsonstylisticsandtheconceptwasdevelopedbyRuqayiaHasaninherUniversityofEdinburghdoctoralthesis.

Cohesiverelationsarerelationsbetweentwoormoreelementsinatextthatareindependentofthestructure:

forexamplebetweenapersonalpronounandanantecedentpropername,suchasJohn•….he.Asemanticrelationofthiskindmaybesetupeitherwithinasentencewiththeconsequeneethatwhenitcrossesasentenceboundaryithastheeffectofmakingthetwosentencescoherewithoneanother.

Themajorfunctionofcohesionistextformation.Asdefined:

textisaunifiedwholeoflinguisticitems,thisunityoftextasasemanticwholeissourcefortheconceptofcohesion.

Sofirstwewillexploretheconceptoftext.

Text

Textinlinguisticsreferstoanypassagespokenwrittenofwhateverlengththatformsaunifiedwhole.Areadercaneasilyidentifywhetherthepassageheisreadingisatextorotherwiseacollectionofunrelatedsentences.Atextmaybe:

spoken,written,prose,verse,dialogue,monologue,singleproverb,asinglecryforhelporalldaydiscussiononacommittee.AtextisaunitofIanguageinuse.Agrammaticalunitthatislargerthanasentence.Atextisnotsomethingthatislikeasentenceonlybiggerorlarger.Itismisleading.Rathertextcanbebestdefinedasasemanticunit;aunitnotofformbutofmeaning.Ifitissemanticunit,wewillnotexpecttofinditinstructureofasentenceasagrammaticalunitasphrase,clauseetc.

Sotextisnotconsistofsentencebutitisrealizedbysentenceorencodedinsentences.TherearecertainobjectivefactorsinvoIvedthatconstituteatext.

ConstituentsofText

1.Texture:

2.Ties:

3.Cohesion

1.Texture:

Textureisthatfeatureoftextwhichmadeitaunifiedwhole.

Accordingto‘TheConciseOxfordDictionaryofLinguisticsbyP.H.Mathews'cohesionandcohereneearesourceswhichcreatetexture.Crystaladds‘informativenesstocohesionandcoherenee.

Example:

Washandcoresixcookingapples.Putthemintoafireproofdish.

Herethemrefereneebacktosixcookingapplestocreatecohesionbetweenthetwosentences.Herewemakeapresuppositionabouttherelationshipbetweenthemandsixcookingapplesbutitisnotenoughonlytomakeapresuppositionratherthatpresuppositionmustbesatisfiedtocreatetextureasshownintheexample.Thesetwoitemsarecoreferentialandthiscoreferentialitycreatestexture.

Herearefivecohesivedevicestocreatetexture:

（i）Referenee

（ii）Substitution

（iii）Ellipses

（iv）Conjunction

（v）LexicalCohesion

2.Ties

Thetermreferstoasingleinstaneeofcohesion.

Example:

Washandcoresixcookingapples.Putthemintoafireproofdish.

Themandsixcookingapplesshowrefereneeastie.

IfwetaketheExample:

Washandcoresixcookingapples.Puttheapplesintoafireproofdish.

Herearetwoties

（i）Referenee

（ii）Repetition

Cohesiveanalysisoftextismadeintermsoftieforasystematicaccountofitspatternswhichareasourcefortexture.Onwardwewillusetheterm‘cohesivetie'inplaceof‘tie

Herearefivedifferentkindsofcohesivetiesthatarealsocalledcohesivedevices:

（i）

Referenee

（ii）

Substitution

（iii）

Ellipses

（iv）

Conjunetion

（v）

Lexicalcohesion

MAKHandRHhavebasedtheirmodelofcohesiononthesecohesiveties.Adetailedreviewisgivenhereintheproceedingdiscussion.

3.Cohesion

‘TheConciseOxfordDictionaryofLiguisticsbyP.H.Mathews（1997）definescohesion

intermofsyntacticunit（sentence）.

‘ADictionaryOfLinguisticsAndPhoneticsbyDavidCrystal（1997）'definescohesionintermsofagrammaticalunit（words）

MAKhandRH（1976）arguedthattheconceptofcohesionissemanticone.Forthemitreferstorelationofmeaningthat:

existswithintext

givesthetexttexture

definesthetextastext

Thisrelationofmeaningbetweentheelementsgivesthereaderpresupposition.Thisisanotherwayofapproachingthenotionofcohesionthatpresupposingandthepresupposedgiveusapresuppositionatsemanticlevelasarelationofmeaning:

Theoneelementpresupposestheotheri.e.theoneelementcannotbedecodedwithoutthepresupposed.

Example:

Timeflies

Youcan't;theyflytooquickly.

Youcan't（Ellipses）

They（Referenee）

Fly（LexicalCohesion）

TypesOFCohesion

Languageismultiplecodingsystemcomprisingthreelevelsofcoding:

WordingThelexicogrammaticalsystem

（grammaranvocabulary）

Sounding/writingThephonologicalandorthographicalsystem

Cohesiverelationfitintotheoverallpatternoflanguage.Cohesionisexpressedpartlythroughvocabularyandpartlythroughgrammar.

1.GrammaticalCohesion

（i）Reference

（ii）Substitution

（iii）Ellipses

2.LexicalCohesion

ThedistinctionbetweengrammaticalcohesionandLexicalcohesionisamatterofdegreeandMAHKRHsuggestednottogointhedepthoftheseoverlappingareasandthatconjunctionisontheborderlineofthetwotypesmainlyitisgrammaticalbutwiththelexicalcomponentsowecannotclearlydistinguishbetweenthetwotypes.

CohesionandtheLinguisticsStructure

TextureandStructure

Structureisonemeanofexpressingtexture.TextconsistsofonesentencearefairlyrarebuttheycanbesinglesentencesaswellforExample

Nosmoking

Wondernevercease

Butmostofthetextextendsbeyondtheconfinesofsinglesentencessostructureisimportantinatextasstructuralunitssuchasphrase,clauseandsentencewhichexpresstheunityoftext.ButouruseoftermCohesionrefersespeciallytothenonstructuraltextformingrelation.Theyaresemanticrelationsandthetextisasemanticunit.

CohesionWithintheText

Sincecohesiverelationisnotconcernedwithstructure,theymaybefoundjustaswellwithinthesentenceasbetweensentencescohesiverelationarebeyondthesentencesboundaries.Cohesionissemanticrelationbetweenoneelementinthetextandsomeotherelementthatiscrucialforitsinterpretation.Thisotherelementmustalsobefoundwithinthetext.Cohesionreferstotherangeofpossibilitiesthatexistforlinkingsomethingwithwhathasgonebefore.

ThePlaceofCohesionintheLinguisticsSystem

Halliday（1985）hasdescribedthreemajorfunctionalsemanticcomponents:

（i）TheIdeational

（ii）TheInterpersonal

（iii）TheTextual

Table:

theplaceofcohesioninthedescriptionofEnglishfunctionalcomponentsofsemanticsystem

Ideational

Interpersonal

Textual

Experiential

Logical

Structural

Non-structural

ByRank:

Clause:

Transitivity

VerbalGroup:

Tense

NominalGroup:

Epithesis

AdverbialGroup:

circmstanee

AllRanks:

Practiceandhypotacticrelations（condition,addition,report）

ByRanks

Clause:

Mood,modality

VerbalGroup:

person

NominalGroup:

attitude

Adverbial

Group:

comment

ByRank

Clause:

theme

VerbalGroup:

voice

NominalGroup:

deixis

AdverbialGroup:

conjunction

Cross-Rank

InformationUnit:

Informationdistribution,Informationfocus

Cohesion

ReferenceSubstitutionEllipsesConjunctionLexicalcohesion

Conclusion

Cohesionisapartoftextformingcomponentinthelinguisticssystem.Itlinkstogethertheelementsthatarestructurallyunrelatedthroughthedependenceofoneontheotherforitsinterpretation.Withoutcohesionthesemanticsystemcannotbeeffectivelyactivatedatall.

RefereneeSubstitutionEllipses

ConjunctionLexicalcohesion

CohesiveDevices

（i）

（ii）

（iii）

（iv）

（v）

1.Reference

TherearecertainitemsinanyIanguagewhichcannotbeinterpretedsemanticallyintheirownrightrathertheymakerefereneetosomethingelsewithinthetextfortheirinterpretation.Hereisanexampleofreference

DoctorFosterwenttoGloucesterinashowerofrain

Hesteppedinpuddlerightuptohismiddle

Andneverwentthereagain

Hereintheaboveexample

HerefersbacktoDoctorFoster

ThererefersbacktoGloucester

Heandthereshowthatinformationaboutthemisretrievedelsewherewithinthetext.Itcharacterizesaparticulartypeofcohesionwhichiscalledreferenee.Therelationshipofreferenee

5isonsemanticlevel.Therefereneeitemsmustnotmatchthegrammaticalitemitrefersto.Whatmustmatchorthesemanticpropertiesofrefereneeiteminrelationtotheitemsitrefersto.

Refereneecanbesub-categorizeasfollow

Referenee

ExophoraEndophora

AnaphoraCataphora

Exophora

Itindicatessituationalreferences.Anaphorasignalsthatrefereneemustbemadetothecontextofsituation.Itisoutsidethetextsoitiscalledanaphoricreferenee.

Example;

Forhe'sajollygoodfellowandsosayallofus.

Heretextisnotindicatingwhoheis?

Hecanberecognizedbythesituationinwhichexpressionisused.Theyarenotsourceofcohesionbecausetherepresuppositioncannotberesolvedwithinthetextratherthepresuppositionisfoundoutsidethetext.

Endophora

Itisageneralnameforrefereneewithinthetext.Thisrefereneecanbeoftwotypes.

（i）Anaphora:

Refereneeback

（ii）Cataphora:

Refereneeforward

Example:

Child:

Whydoesthatonecomeout?

Parent:

Thatwhat

Child:

Thatone.

Parent:

Thatonewhat?

Child:

Thatlevertherethatyoupushtoletthewaterout.

Thatonethatlever（cataphoricreferenee）

Thatleverthatone（anaphoricreferenee）

Typesofreference

Therearethreetypesofreferenee

（i）PersonalReference

（ii）DemonstrativeReference

（iii）ComparativeReference

ItisbetterfirstexplainthestructureofnominalgroupthenproceedtowardsthreetypesofReference.Itisbecausewewillanalyzenominalgroupfor