《英语词汇学》复习资料docx.docx

《英语词汇学》复习资料docx.docx

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《英语词汇学》复习资料docx

大家请注意：

笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。

其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。

区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。

第一早

1.WordAwordisaminimalfreeformofaIanguagethathasagivensound

andmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

2.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.E>g.“woman”means'Frau"inGerman,'Femme"inFrenchand'Funv'inChinese.Ontheotherhand,thesamesound/rait/canmeanright,riteandwrite,thoughdenotingdifferentthings,yethavethesamesound・

3.Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.

（Atleast80%oftheEnglishwordsfitconsistentspellingpatterns）

a）•theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelamguage・

b）•Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspelling

c）・Influenceoftheworkofscribes/printingfreezesthespellingofwordsin1500

d）・Borrowingofforeignlanguage

4.VocabularyVocabularyismostcommonlyusedtorefertothesumtotal

ofallthewordsofalanguage・Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivensubjectandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory・

ThegeneralestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords・

5.ClassificationofWords—byusefrequency,bynotion,byorigin

1）•Basicwordstock-thefoundationofthevocabulary.

1.allnationalcharacter（mostimportant）-naturalphenomena

mostcommonthingsandphenomenaofthehumanbodyandrelations

worldaroundusnamesofplantsandanimals

action,size,domain,state

numerals,pronouns,prep.,conj.

2.stability-theydonatethecommonestthingnecessarytolife,theyareliketoremainunchanged.Onlyrelative,someareundergoingsomechanges.Butthechangeisslow・

e.g.arrow,bow,chariot,knight-past

electricity,machine,car,planenow

3.productivity-theyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords,theycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes・

e.g.foot-football,footage,footpath,footer

4.polysemy-oftenpossessmorethanonemeaning.Becomepolysemous.

e.g.taketomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanother

toremove

5.collocability-quiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingandothers

e.g.heart-achangeofheart,aheartofgold

Non-basicvocabulary

1.terminology-technicalterms

photoscanning，hepatitis,indigestion,penici11in，algebra,trigonometry,calculus

2.jargon一specializedvocabularyinceriainprofessions・

Bottomline,ballparkfigures,bargainingchips,holdhimback,holdhimin,paranoid

3.slangsubstandardwordsoftenusedininformaloccasions

doughandbread,grassandpot,beaver,smoky,bear,catch,holler,Roger,X-rays,

Certainwordsarelabeledslangbecauseoftheirusage・

4.argot-wordsusedbysub-culturedgroups

can-opener,dip,persuader

cant,jargon,argotareassociatedwith,ormostavailableto,specificgroupsofthepopulation.

5.dialectalwords-onlybyspeakersofthedialect

beauty,chook,cocky,station,auld,build,coo,hame,lough,bog

6・archaisms-wordsnolongerincommonuseorrestrictedinuse.Inolderpoems,legaldocumentandreligiouswritingorspeech.

7.neologism-newlycreatedwordswithnewmeaninge.g.microelectronics,futurology,AIDS,internet,E-mail

oldmeaningacquirednewmeaninge.g.mouse,monitor

2）・Contentword（notionalword）-denoteclearnotions.

Functionalword（emptyword,formword）-donothavenotionsoftheirown,expresstherelationbetweennotions,wordsandsentences・

a.ContentwordsconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularyarenumerous.

Functionalwordsareinasmal1number.

b.Contentwordsaregrowing.

Functionalwordsremainstable・

c.Functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressionthancontentwords.

3）・Nativewords-arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe15conturybytheGermantribes.Ango-SaxonWords,50,000-60,000

Whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativeworld・Moreare

1.neutralinstyle（notstylisticalspecific）

2.2.frequentinuse（inacademicfieldsandscieneeFrench,LatinorGreekareused）（usage70-90%）

Borrowedwords（loanwords,borrowing）-wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguage-80%

Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmarinerofborrowing,wecanbringtheloanwordsunder4classes.

1.Denizens-wordsborrowedearlyandnowarewellassimilatedintoEnglishlanguage-

e・g・portfromportus（L）shift,change,shirt,pork

cupfromcuppa（L）

2・Aliens-retainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling

e.g.decor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir,intermez,rowtow,bazaar,rajar,statusquo

3.translationloans-formedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.

1）・Wordtranslatedaccordingtothemeaning

e.g.mothertoughfromlinguamaternal（L）

blackhumorfromhumornoir

longtimenosee,surplusvalue,masterpiece

2）・Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesound

e.g.kulakfromkyrak（Russ）

1amafromlama（Tib）

ketchup

tea

4.Senianticloans-theirmeaningareborrowedfromanotherlanguage

e・g・stupidolddump

newsassy

dreamoldjoyandpeace

pioneeroldexplorer/persondoingpioneeringwork

newamemberoftheyoungpioneer

fresholdimportinent,sassy,cheeky

第二章

Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily（Europe,theNearEast,India）

Balto-SlavicIndo-IranidnItalicGermanic

PrussianPersianPortugueseNorwegian

LithuanianHindiSpanishIcelandie

PolishItalianDanish

BulgarianRounianianSwedish

SlovenianFrenchEnglish

RussianGerman

AlbanianArmenianCelticHellenic

IrishGreek

Breton

Scottish

2.History（时间,历史事件，特征）

1）OldEnglish（450-1150）totally50,000-60,000words

The1stpeopleknowntoinhabitEnglandwereCelts,thelanguagewasCeltic-

ThesecondlanguagewastheLatinoftheRomanLegions・

TheGermanictribescalledangles,SaxonsandJutesandtheirlanguage,Anglo-SaxondominatedandblottedouttheCeltic・NowpeoplerefertoAng1o-SaxonasoldEnglish・

Attheendof6thcontury,theintroductionofChristianityhasagreatimpactontheEnglishvocabulary.

Thecommonpracticewastocreatenowwordsbycombiningtwonativewords・

Inthe9thcentury,manyScandinavianwordscameintoEnglish.Atleast900wordsofSeandinavianareinmodernEnglish,ourdaily1ifeandspeech・

特点：

highlyinflectedlanguage

complexendingsorvowelchanges（fullending）

2）MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）English,Latin,French

Until1066,althoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin,theinfluenceonEnglishwasmainlyGermanic-ButtheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.

Bytheendofthe13thcentury,Englishgraduallycomebackintopublicareas.

Between1250and150about9000wordsofFrenchorigincomeintoEnglish・75%ofthemaret订1inusetoday.

Asmanyas2500wordsofDutchorigincomeintoEnglish・

特点：

fewerinflections

leveledending

3）ModernEnglish（1500-uptonow）earlymodernEnglish（1500-1700）

latemodernEnglish（1700-uptonow）

TheRenaissanee,LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld"sgreatliteraryheritage.

TheIndustrialRevolutionwasinthemid-17century.Withthegrowthofcolonization,Britishtentaclesbeganastretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe,thusenablingEnglishtoabsorbwordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld・

AfterWorldWarII,manynewwordshavebeencreatedtoexpressnewideas,inventionsandscientificachievements.

Morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.

thousandsandthousandsofnewwordshavebeenenteredtoexpressnewideasinventions,andscientificachievements.

morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation・

inmodernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexceptionsEnglishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlamguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage・

scienceandtechnologytermsmakeupabout45%ofnewwords,wordsassociatedwithlife-styleconstituteof24%andsocialandeconomictermsamounttoover10%.

mentionshouldbemadeofanoppositeprocessofdevelopmenti.e・oldwordsfallingoutifuse.

特点：

endingarealmostlost.

3.Threemainsourcesnewwords

1.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology

2.Social,economicandpoliticalchanges

3.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages

4.Threemodesofvocabularydevelopment

1.Creation-theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.（Thisisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.）

2.Somanticchange-anoldformwhichtakeonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.

3.Borrowing一totakeinwordsfromotherlanguages・（particularlyinearliertime）

4・（Revivingarchaicorobsolete）

French30%,Latin8%,JapaneseItalian7%,Spanish6%,GermanGreek5%,RussianYiddish4%

第三章

1.MorphemeAmorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.（The

smallestfunctionalunitinthecompositionofwords・）

2.MorphAmorphememustberealizedbydiscreteunits.Theseactualspoken

minimalcarriersofmeaningaremorphs.

3.Monomorphenicwords-morphemesarerealizedbysinglemorphs.

4・AllomorphSomemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirposition.Suchalternativemorphsareallomorphemes.E.g.themorphemeofplurality（-s）hasanumberifallomorphemesindifferentsoundcontext,e.g・incats/s/,inbags/z/,inmatches/iz/<

5.FreemorphemesorFreerootThemorphemeshavecompletemeaningandvan

beusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences,e.g.cat,walk.Theyareidenticalwithrootwords,morphemeswhicharein